Mizere yachikhalidwe yama hydraulic imagwiritsa ntchito malekezero amodzi, omwe amapangidwa motsatira miyezo ya SAE-J525 kapena ASTM-A513-T5, yomwe ndi yovuta kuipeza kunyumba.Ma OEM omwe akuyang'ana ogulitsa apakhomo amatha m'malo mwa chitoliro chopangidwa ndi SAE-J356A ndikusindikizidwa ndi zisindikizo za nkhope ya O-ring monga momwe zasonyezedwera.Mzere weniweni wopanga.
Chidziwitso cha Mkonzi: Nkhaniyi ndi yoyamba mu magawo awiri pamsika ndikupanga mizere yotumizira madzi pakugwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwambiri.Gawo loyamba likukambirana za momwe zinthu ziliri m'nyumba ndi kunja kwazinthu zamtundu wamba.Gawo lachiwiri likukambirana zazinthu zochepa zomwe zimakonda pamsika uno.
Mliri wa COVID-19 wadzetsa masinthidwe mosayembekezereka m'mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikiza maunyolo operekera mapaipi achitsulo ndi njira zopangira mapaipi.Kuyambira kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2019 mpaka pano, msika wa chitoliro chachitsulo wasintha kwambiri pakupanga ndi kukonza zinthu.Funso lomwe linali lalitali kwambiri linali pakati pa chidwi.
Tsopano ntchito ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa kale.Mliriwu ndi vuto la anthu ndipo kufunikira kwa thanzi kwasintha bwino pakati pa ntchito, moyo wamunthu komanso zosangalatsa kwa ambiri, ngati si onse.Chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito zaluso chatsika chifukwa cha kupuma pantchito, kulephera kwa antchito ena kubwerera kuntchito yawo yakale kapena kupeza ntchito yatsopano m'makampani omwewo, ndi zina zambiri.M'masiku oyambilira a mliriwu, kuperewera kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kudakhazikika kwambiri m'mafakitale omwe amadalira ntchito zakutsogolo, monga chithandizo chamankhwala ndi malonda, pomwe ogwira ntchito opanga anali patchuthi kapena nthawi yawo yogwira ntchito idachepetsedwa kwambiri.Pakali pano opanga akuvutika kulemba ndi kusunga antchito, kuphatikizapo odziwa ntchito zamapaipi odziwa ntchito.Kupanga mapaipi kwenikweni ndi ntchito ya blue collar yomwe imafuna kugwira ntchito molimbika munyengo yosalamulirika.Valani zida zowonjezera zodzitetezera (monga masks) kuti muchepetse matenda ndikutsatira malamulo ena monga kusunga mtunda wa mapazi 6.Kutalikirana ndi ena, ndikuwonjezera kupsinjika ku ntchito yotopetsa kale.
Kupezeka kwachitsulo komanso mtengo wazitsulo zopangira zitsulo zasinthanso panthawi ya mliri.Chitsulo ndicho chigawo chokwera mtengo kwambiri cha mapaipi ambiri.Nthawi zambiri, chitsulo chimapanga 50% ya mtengo pa phazi limodzi la payipi.Pofika kotala lachinayi la 2020, mtengo wapakati wazaka zitatu wazitsulo zozizira zakunyumba ku US unali pafupifupi $800 pa tani.Mitengo ikudutsa padenga ndipo ndi $2,200 pa toni pakutha kwa 2021.
Zinthu ziwirizi zokha ndizomwe zidzasinthe panthawi ya mliri, kodi osewera pamsika wa chitoliro atani?Kodi kusintha kumeneku kuli ndi zotsatira zotani pa njira yoperekera mapaipi, ndipo ndi malangizo abwino otani omwe alipo pamakampani pavutoli?
Zaka zapitazo, mkulu wina wodziwa bwino ntchito yopangira mapaipi anafotokoza mwachidule ntchito ya kampani yake m’makampani: “Pano timachita zinthu ziwiri: timapanga mapaipi n’kumawagulitsa.”ambiri amasokoneza zikhalidwe za kampaniyo kapena zovuta kwakanthawi (kapena zonsezi zimachitika nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri).
Ndikofunika kupeza ndi kusunga ulamuliro poyang'ana zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri: zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kupanga ndi kugulitsa mapaipi abwino.Ngati zoyesayesa za kampani sizikuyang'ana pazochitika ziwirizi, ndi nthawi yoti mubwerere ku zoyambira.
Pamene mliri ukufalikira, kufunikira kwa mapaipi m'mafakitale ena kwatsika mpaka kufupi ndi ziro.Mafakitole amagalimoto ndi makampani m'mafakitale ena omwe amawonedwa ngati ang'onoang'ono anali osagwira ntchito.Panali nthawi yomwe ambiri m'makampani sankapanga kapena kugulitsa mapaipi.Msika wa chitoliro ukupitilirabe kwa mabizinesi ochepa okha.
Mwamwayi, anthu amangoganizira za bizinesi yawoyawo.Anthu ena amagula mafiriji owonjezera kuti asunge chakudya.Posakhalitsa, msika wogulitsa nyumba unayamba kukulirakulira ndipo anthu amakonda kugula zida zingapo zatsopano akagula nyumba, kotero kuti zonse ziwirizi zidathandizira kufunikira kwa mapaipi ang'onoang'ono.Makampani opanga zida zaulimi ayamba kutsitsimuka, pomwe eni ake ambiri akufuna mathirakitala ang'onoang'ono kapena makina otchetcha udzu okhala ndi ziro chiwongolero.Msika wamagalimotowo unayambiranso, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chip ndi zina.
Mpunga.1. Miyezo ya SAE-J525 ndi ASTM-A519 imakhazikitsidwa ngati zosintha pafupipafupi za SAE-J524 ndi ASTM-A513T5.Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti SAE-J525 ndi ASTM-A513T5 ndizowotcherera m'malo mopanda msoko.Kugula zovuta monga nthawi yotsogolera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kwapanga mwayi pazinthu zina ziwiri za tubular, SAE-J356 (yoperekedwa ngati chubu chowongoka) ndi SAE-J356A (yoperekedwa ngati koyilo), yomwe imakwaniritsa zofunikira zambiri zofanana ndi zina.mankhwala.
Msika wasintha, koma utsogoleri umakhalabe womwewo.Palibe chofunika kwambiri kuposa kuyang'ana pa kupanga ndi kugulitsa mapaipi malinga ndi zofuna za msika.
Funso lodzipangira kapena kugula limabwera pamene ntchito yopanga zinthu ikukumana ndi ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito komanso zokhazikika kapena zochepetsera zamkati.
Kupanga mwamsanga pambuyo kuwotcherera kwa mankhwala chitoliro amafuna kwambiri chuma.Kutengera kuchuluka kwake komanso kupanga mphero yachitsulo, nthawi zina zimakhala zotsika mtengo kudula mizere yayikulu mkati.Komabe, ulusi wamkati ukhoza kukhala wolemetsa poganizira zofunikira za ogwira ntchito, zofunikira zazikulu pazida, komanso mtengo wazinthu zamabroadband.
Kumbali imodzi, kudula matani 2,000 pamwezi ndikusunga matani 5,000 achitsulo kumatenga ndalama zambiri.Kumbali ina, kugula zitsulo zodula-m'lifupi pa nthawi yoyenera kumafuna ndalama zochepa.M'malo mwake, popeza wopanga chitoliro amatha kukambirana zangongole ndi wodulayo, amatha kuchedwetsa mtengo wandalama.Chigayo chilichonse cha chitoliro ndi chapadera pankhaniyi, koma nkoyenera kunena kuti pafupifupi wopanga mapaipi aliyense wakhudzidwa ndi mliri wa COVID-19 malinga ndi kupezeka kwa ogwira ntchito aluso, mtengo wachitsulo komanso kayendedwe ka ndalama.
Zomwezo zimapitanso kupanga chitoliro chokha, malingana ndi zochitika.Makampani omwe ali ndi unyolo wamtengo wapatali amatha kutuluka mubizinesi yoyang'anira.M'malo mopanga machubu, kenaka kupindika, kupaka, ndi kupanga mfundo ndi magulu, gulani machubu ndi kuyang'ana ntchito zina.
Makampani ambiri omwe amapanga zida zama hydraulic kapena mitolo yamapaipi amadzi amagalimoto amakhala ndi mphero zawo zamapaipi.Zina mwa zomerazi tsopano ndi ngongole osati katundu.Ogula m'nthawi ya mliri amakonda kuyendetsa pang'onopang'ono ndipo zolosera zamagalimoto ndizotalikirana ndi momwe mliri usanachitike.Msika wamagalimoto umalumikizidwa ndi mawu oyipa monga kuzimitsa, kutsika kwakukulu komanso kusowa.Kwa opanga ma automaker ndi ogulitsa awo, palibe chifukwa choyembekezera kuti zinthu zidzasintha bwino posachedwa.Makamaka, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi pamsika uno ali ndi zigawo zochepa zazitsulo zopangira ma tubing drivetrain.
Makina opangira ma chubu nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti ayitanitsa.Izi ndi zopindulitsa malinga ndi cholinga chawo - kupanga mapaipi a ntchito zenizeni - koma choyipa pazachuma cha sikelo.Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mphero ya chitoliro yopangidwa kuti ipange zinthu za 10 mm OD pa chinthu chodziwika bwino chamagalimoto.Pulogalamuyi imatsimikizira zoikamo potengera voliyumu.Pambuyo pake, njira yaying'ono kwambiri idawonjezeredwa pa chubu china chokhala ndi m'mimba mwake momwemo.Patapita nthawi, pulogalamu yoyambirira inatha, ndipo kampaniyo inalibe voliyumu yokwanira kuti ivomereze pulogalamu yachiwiri.Kuyika ndi ndalama zina ndizokwera kwambiri kuti sizingavomerezeke.Pankhaniyi, ngati kampani ingapeze wothandizira wodalirika, iyenera kuyesa kutulutsa ntchitoyo.
Zoonadi, kuwerengera sikuyima pa malo odulirapo.Kumaliza masitepe monga kupaka, kudula mpaka kutalika, ndi kulongedza kumawonjezera kwambiri mtengo.Nthawi zambiri zimanenedwa kuti mtengo wobisika kwambiri pakupanga machubu ndikugwira.Kusuntha mapaipi kuchokera ku mphero kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu komwe amatengedwa kuchokera kunkhokwe ndikukwezedwa pamalo abwino otsetsereka kenako mipopeyo imayikidwa m'magulu kuti adyetse mapaipi mu chodula kamodzi kamodzi - zonsezi Masitepe onse. amafunikira ntchito Mtengo wantchitowu sungakhale ndi chidwi ndi wowerengera ndalama, koma umadziwonetsera mwa mawonekedwe a oyendetsa ma forklift owonjezera kapena antchito owonjezera mu dipatimenti yoperekera.
Mpunga.2. Mankhwala a SAE-J525 ndi SAE-J356A ali pafupifupi ofanana, omwe amathandiza kuti alowe m'malo mwa oyamba.
Mapaipi a Hydraulic akhalapo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri.Zaka zoposa 4,000 zapitazo, Aigupto anapanga waya wamkuwa.Mipope ya bamboo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China nthawi ya Xia Dynasty cha m'ma 2000 BC.Pambuyo pake mipope ya madzi achiroma inamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mipope ya mtovu, yopangidwa mwa njira yosungunula siliva.
opanda msoko.Mipope yamakono yopanda zitsulo inayamba ku North America mu 1890. Kuyambira 1890 mpaka pano, zopangira izi ndi billet yozungulira yolimba.Zatsopano pakupanga ma billets mosalekeza m'zaka za m'ma 1950 zinapangitsa kuti machubu osasunthika asinthe kuchokera kuzitsulo zachitsulo kupita kuzinthu zotsika mtengo zachitsulo panthawiyo - mapepala oponyedwa.Mapaipi a hydraulic, akale ndi amasiku ano, amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma voids opanda msoko, osazizira.Imayikidwa pamsika waku North America monga SAE-J524 ndi Society of Automotive Engineers ndi ASTM-A519 ndi American Society for Testing and Equipment.
Kupanga mapaipi osasinthika a hydraulic nthawi zambiri kumakhala ntchito yovuta kwambiri, makamaka mapaipi ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono.Zimafuna mphamvu zambiri ndipo zimafuna malo ambiri.
kuwotcherera.M'zaka za m'ma 1970 msika unasintha.Pambuyo polamulira msika wa chitoliro chachitsulo kwa zaka pafupifupi 100, msika wa chitoliro wopanda msoko watsika.Zinali zodzaza ndi mapaipi owotcherera, zomwe zidawoneka kuti ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito makina ambiri m'misika yomanga ndi yamagalimoto.Imakhala m'dera lomwe kale linali Mecca - dziko la mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi.
Zatsopano ziwiri zathandizira kusinthaku pamsika.Chimodzi chimaphatikizapo kuponyedwa kosalekeza kwa ma slabs, komwe kumapangitsa kuti mphero zachitsulo zizitha kupanga bwino kwambiri mizere yosalala yapamwamba.Chinthu chinanso chomwe chimapangitsa HF kukana kuwotcherera kukhala njira yabwino pamsika wamapaipi.Chotsatira chake ndi chinthu chatsopano: chitoliro chowotcherera chokhala ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi osasunthika, koma pamtengo wotsika kusiyana ndi zinthu zofanana zopanda msoko.Chitoliro ichi chikupangidwabe lero ndipo chimatchedwa SAE-J525 kapena ASTM-A513-T5 pamsika waku North America.Popeza chubu amakokedwa ndi annealed, ndi gwero kwambiri mankhwala.Njirazi sizongogwira ntchito komanso ndalama zambiri monga njira zopanda msoko, koma ndalama zomwe zimagwirizana nazo zikadali zokwera.
Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1990 mpaka pano, mapaipi ambiri a hydraulic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamsika wapakhomo, kaya osasunthika (SAE-J524) kapena welded drawn (SAE-J525), amatumizidwa kunja.Izi mwina ndi chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mtengo wa ntchito ndi zitsulo zopangira pakati pa US ndi mayiko omwe akutumiza kunja.Pazaka zapitazi za 30-40, mankhwalawa akhala akupezeka kuchokera kwa opanga apakhomo, koma sanathe kudziwonetsera okha ngati osewera kwambiri pamsika uno.Kukomera mtengo kwazinthu zobwera kunja ndizovuta kwambiri.
msika wapano.Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zopanda msoko, zokoka komanso zosakanizidwa za J524 zatsika pang'onopang'ono m'zaka zapitazi.Ikupezekabe ndipo ili ndi malo mumsika wama hydraulic line, koma ma OEM amakonda kusankha J525 ngati yowotcherera, yokokedwa ndikuyika J525 ikupezeka mosavuta.
Mliriwu unagunda ndipo msika unasinthanso.Kupereka kwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kwa ogwira ntchito, zitsulo ndi mayendedwe akutsika pamlingo wofanana ndi kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa magalimoto komwe tatchula pamwambapa.Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito pakuperekedwa kwa mapaipi amafuta amtundu wa hydraulic a J525.Chifukwa cha izi, msika wapakhomo ukuwoneka kuti wakonzeka kusinthanso msika wina.Kodi ndiyokonzeka kupanga chinthu china chomwe sichigwira ntchito kwambiri kuposa kuwotcherera, kujambula ndi mapaipi otsekera?Ena alipo, ngakhale kuti sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.Izi ndi SAE-J356A, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za machitidwe ambiri a hydraulic (onani mkuyu 1).
Zomwe zimasindikizidwa ndi SAE zimakhala zazifupi komanso zosavuta, chifukwa chilichonse chimatanthauzira njira imodzi yokha yopangira machubu.Choyipa ndichakuti J525 ndi J356A ndizofanana kwambiri malinga ndi kukula, makina amakina, ndi zidziwitso zina, kotero mafotokozedwe amatha kusokoneza.Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala ozungulira a J356A a mizere yaying'ono ya hydraulic ndi mtundu wa J356, ndipo chitoliro chowongoka chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga mapaipi akulu akulu a hydraulic.
Chithunzi 3. Ngakhale mapaipi otsekemera ndi ozizira amaonedwa ndi ambiri kuti ndi apamwamba kuposa mapaipi otsekemera ndi ozizira, makina azinthu ziwiri za tubular ndizofanana.ZINDIKIRANI.Miyezo ya Imperial kupita ku PSI imasinthidwa mofewa kuchokera kumayendedwe omwe ndi ma metric kukhala MPa.
Akatswiri ena amawona kuti J525 ndi yabwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ma hydraulic ngati zida zolemera.J356A sichidziwika bwino komanso imagwiranso ntchito kumayendedwe amadzimadzi othamanga kwambiri.Nthawi zina zofunikira zomaliza zimasiyana: J525 ilibe mkanda wa ID, pomwe J356A imayendetsedwanso ndipo imakhala ndi mkanda wawung'ono wa ID.
Zopangira zimakhala ndi zofanana (onani mkuyu 2).Kusiyana kwakung'ono kwa mankhwala kumayenderana ndi zomwe zimafunidwa zamakina.Kuti mukwaniritse zinthu zina zamakina monga kulimba kwamphamvu kapena kulimba mtima kopitilira muyeso (UTS), kapangidwe kake kapena kutentha kwachitsulo kumachepa kuti mupeze zotsatira zenizeni.
Mapaipi amtunduwu amagawana mawonekedwe ofanana a makina ambiri, kuwapangitsa kuti azisinthana pazogwiritsa ntchito zambiri (onani Chithunzi 3).M’mawu ena, ngati imodzi yasoŵa, ina ndiyo yokwanira.Palibe amene ayenera kubwezeretsanso gudumu, makampaniwa ali kale ndi mawilo olimba, oyenerera.
Tube & Pipe Journal idakhazikitsidwa mu 1990 ngati magazini yoyamba yoperekedwa kumakampani opanga zitoliro zachitsulo.Mpaka lero, ikadali buku lokhalo lamakampani ku North America ndipo lakhala gwero lodalirika lazidziwitso kwa akatswiri a machubu.
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Gawo 2 la magawo athu awiri a Ray Ripple, wojambula zitsulo za Texan komanso wowotcherera, akupitiliza ...
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-05-2023