Protocol iliyonse yoyeserera (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) imakhala ndi njira zomwe zimayesedwa.

Protocol iliyonse yoyeserera (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) imakhala ndi njira zomwe zimayesedwa.Mayeso a Rockwell t ndiwothandiza poyesa mapaipi amipanda yopyapyala podula chitoliro motalika ndikuyang'ana khoma la chitoliro ndi mainchesi amkati osati m'mimba mwake.
Kuyitanitsa mapaipi kuli ngati kupita kumalo ogulitsa magalimoto ndikuyitanitsa galimoto kapena lole.Pano pali njira zambiri zomwe zimalola ogula kuti asinthe galimotoyo m'njira zosiyanasiyana - mitundu ya mkati ndi kunja, mapepala ochepetsera, zosankha zakunja, zosankha za powertrain, ndi makina omvera omwe ali pafupifupi abwino ngati dongosolo lachisangalalo la kunyumba.Ndi zosankha zonsezi, mwina simungakhutire ndi galimoto yokhazikika yopanda ma frills.
Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pazitsulo zazitsulo.Ili ndi masauzande a zosankha kapena mafotokozedwe.Kuphatikiza pa miyeso, mafotokozedwewo amatchula za mankhwala ndi zida zingapo zamakina monga mphamvu yocheperako (MYS), mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri (UTS), komanso kutalika kocheperako mpaka kulephera.Komabe, ambiri m’makampani—mainjiniya, ogula zinthu, ndi opanga zinthu—amagwiritsira ntchito njira yachidule ya mafakitale ndi kuyitanitsa mapaipi “osavuta” owotcherera ndi kutchula khalidwe limodzi lokha: kuuma.
Yesani kuyitanitsa galimoto malinga ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi ("Ndikufuna galimoto yokhala ndi zodziwikiratu"), ndipo ndi wogulitsa simudzapita kutali.Ayenera kudzaza fomu yokhala ndi zosankha zambiri.Izi ndizochitika ndi mapaipi achitsulo: kuti apeze chitoliro choyenera pa ntchito, wopanga chitoliro amafunikira zambiri kuposa kuuma.
Kodi kuuma kudakhala bwanji kovomerezeka m'malo mwa zida zina zamakina?Mwina zinayamba ndi opanga zitoliro.Chifukwa kuyesa kuuma kumakhala kofulumira, kosavuta, ndipo kumafuna zida zotsika mtengo, ogulitsa mapaipi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kuuma kuyerekeza mitundu iwiri ya chitoliro.Zomwe amafunikira kuti ayese kuuma ndi chitoliro chosalala komanso choyesera.
Kulimba kwa chitoliro kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi UTS ndipo lamulo la chala (peresenti kapena kuchuluka kwa magawo) ndilofunika poyerekezera MYS, kotero n'zosavuta kuona momwe kuyesa kuuma kungakhale koyenera kwa katundu wina.
Kuonjezera apo, mayesero ena ndi ovuta.Ngakhale kuyesa kuuma kumatenga mphindi imodzi yokha pamakina amodzi, MYS, UTS ndi kuyesa kwa elongation kumafuna kukonzekera kwachitsanzo komanso kuyika ndalama zambiri pazida zazikulu za labotale.Poyerekeza, woyendetsa mphero amamaliza kuyesa kuuma kwa masekondi, pamene katswiri wa metallurgist amayesa kuyesa kwa maola angapo.Kuchita mayeso olimba sikovuta.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti opanga mapaipi a uinjiniya sagwiritsa ntchito mayeso olimba.Ndizosakayikitsa kunena kuti ambiri amachita izi, koma popeza amawunika kubwereza kwa zida komanso kupangikanso pazida zonse zoyeserera, amadziwa bwino zolephera za mayesowo.Ambiri aiwo amawagwiritsa ntchito poyesa kuuma kwa chubu ngati gawo lazopanga, koma osagwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chubu.Ndi mayeso opambana/walephera basi.
Chifukwa chiyani ndiyenera kudziwa MYS, UTS ndi kutalika kochepa?Amasonyeza ntchito ya msonkhano wa chubu.
MYS ndi mphamvu yochepa yomwe imayambitsa kusinthika kosatha kwa zinthu.Ngati muyesa kupindika pang'ono waya wowongoka (monga hanger) ndikumasula kupanikizika, chimodzi mwa zinthu ziwiri chidzachitika: chidzabwerera ku chikhalidwe chake choyambirira (molunjika) kapena kukhala chopindika.Ngati ikadali yowongoka, ndiye kuti simunathebe MYS.Ngati ikadali yopindika, mwaphonya.
Tsopano gwirani malekezero onse a waya ndi pliers.Ngati mutha kuthyola waya pakati, mwadutsa UTS.Mumachikoka mwamphamvu ndipo muli ndi zidutswa ziwiri za waya kuti muwonetse mphamvu zanu zoposa zaumunthu.Ngati utali woyambirira wa waya unali mainchesi 5, ndipo kutalika kwake kuwiri pambuyo polephera kumawonjezera mainchesi 6, wayawo amatambasula 1 inchi, kapena 20%.Mayesero enieni amphamvu amayezedwa mkati mwa mainchesi awiri a nthawi yopuma, koma zivute zitani - lingaliro la zovuta za mzere likuwonetsa UTS.
Zitsanzo zachitsulo za micrograph ziyenera kudulidwa, kupukutidwa, ndi kuziyika ndi njira yochepetsera acidic (kawirikawiri nitric acid ndi mowa) kuti njere ziwoneke.Kukula kwa 100x kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana njere zachitsulo ndikuzindikira kukula kwake.
Kuuma ndi kuyesa momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito zikakhudzidwa.Tangoganizani kuti kutalika kwa chubu kumayikidwa mu vise yokhala ndi nsagwada zowonongeka ndikugwedezeka kuti mutseke vise.Kuphatikiza pa kugwirizanitsa chitoliro, nsagwada za vise zimasiya chizindikiro pamwamba pa chitoliro.
Umu ndi momwe kuyesa kuuma kumagwirira ntchito, koma sikovuta.Chiyesocho chimakhala ndi kukula kwake kolamuliridwa komanso kukakamizidwa koyendetsedwa.Mphamvuzi zimapunduka pamwamba, kupanga zolowera kapena zolowera.Kukula kapena kuya kwa tsinde kumatsimikizira kuuma kwachitsulo.
Poyesa chitsulo, Brinell, Vickers ndi Rockwell kuuma mayeso amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.Iliyonse ili ndi sikelo yake, ndipo ena mwa iwo ali ndi njira zingapo zoyesera monga Rockwell A, B, C, ndi zina zotero. Pa mapaipi achitsulo, mafotokozedwe a ASTM A513 amatanthauza mayeso a Rockwell B (ofupikitsidwa ngati HRB kapena RB).Mayeso a Rockwell B amayesa kusiyana kwa mphamvu yolowera ya mpira wachitsulo wa 1⁄16 inchi m'mimba mwake kukhala chitsulo pakati pa kudzaza kopepuka ndi katundu woyambira 100 kgf.Chotsatira chodziwika bwino chachitsulo chofatsa ndi HRB 60.
Asayansi azinthu amadziwa kuti kuuma kuli ndi ubale wofananira ndi UTS.Chifukwa chake, kuuma kopatsidwa kumaneneratu UTS.Mofananamo, wopanga chitoliro amadziwa kuti MYS ndi UTS zimagwirizana.Kwa mapaipi opangidwa ndi welded, MYS nthawi zambiri imakhala 70% mpaka 85% UTS.Kuchuluka kwake kumadalira njira yopangira chubu.Kuuma kwa HRB 60 kumafanana ndi UTS 60,000 mapaundi pa inchi imodzi (PSI) ndi pafupifupi 80% MYS, yomwe ndi 48,000 PSI.
Chodziwika bwino chitoliro cha kupanga ambiri ndi kuuma kwambiri.Kuphatikiza pa kukula, akatswiri amakhalanso ndi chidwi chofuna kufotokozera mapaipi a resistance welded (RW) mkati mwa njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito, zomwe zingapangitse kuti pakhale zojambula zokhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu kwa HRB 60. kuphatikizapo kuuma palokha.
Choyamba, kuuma kwa HRB 60 sikumatiuza zambiri.Kuwerenga kwa HRB 60 ndi nambala yopanda malire.Zida zovoteledwa pa HRB 59 ndizofewa kuposa zomwe zidayesedwa pa HRB 60, ndipo HRB 61 ndizovuta kuposa HRB 60, koma mochuluka bwanji?Sizingachulidwe monga voliyumu (yoyezedwa m’ma decibel), torque (yoyezedwa mu phazi la mapaundi), liwiro (loyezedwa patali ndi nthawi), kapena UTS (yoyezedwa mu mapaundi pa inchi imodzi).Kuwerenga HRB 60 sikumatiuza chilichonse chachindunji.Ndi chuma chakuthupi, osati chuma chakuthupi.Kachiwiri, kutsimikiza kwa kuuma pakokha sikuli koyenera kuonetsetsa kubwereza kapena kubwereza.Kuwunika kwa masamba awiri pazachitsanzo, ngakhale malo oyesera ali pafupi, nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuwerengera kosiyana kwambiri.Mkhalidwe wa mayeso umakulitsa vutoli.Pambuyo poyezera malo amodzi, muyeso wachiwiri sungathe kutengedwa kuti muwone zotsatira.Kubwereza kuyesa sikutheka.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kuyeza kuuma ndikovuta.Kwenikweni, ili ndi kalozera wabwino ku zinthu za UTS, ndipo ndi mayeso achangu komanso osavuta.Komabe, aliyense amene akutenga nawo gawo pakutanthauzira, kugula, ndi kupanga machubu ayenera kudziwa zomwe angakwanitse ngati mayeso.
Chifukwa chitoliro "chokhazikika" sichimafotokozedwa momveka bwino, opanga mapaipi nthawi zambiri amachichepetsera ku mitundu iwiri yazitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri monga momwe ASTM A513:1008 ndi 1010 zimayenera.Ngakhale mutasiya mitundu ina yonse ya mapaipi, mwayi wa makina a mitundu iwiri ya mapaipi amakhalabe otseguka.M'malo mwake, mipope yamtunduwu imakhala ndi zida zambiri zamakina amitundu yonse yamapaipi.
Mwachitsanzo, chubu chimaonedwa kuti ndi chofewa ngati MYS ndi yotsika komanso kutalika kwake ndipamwamba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imagwira bwino ntchito yotambasula, kusinthika, ndi kusinthika kosatha kusiyana ndi chubu chomwe chimafotokozedwa ngati cholimba, chomwe chimakhala ndi MYS yokwera kwambiri komanso yotsika kwambiri. ..Izi zikufanana ndi kusiyana kwa waya wofewa ndi waya wolimba monga zopachika zovala ndi zobowolera.
Elongation palokha ndi chinthu china chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri ntchito zapaipi zovuta.Mkulu elongation mapaipi akhoza kupirira kutambasula;zinthu zotalikirapo zotsika zimakhala zolimba kwambiri motero zimatha kulephera kutopa kwambiri.Komabe, kutalika sikukhudzana mwachindunji ndi UTS, yomwe ndi yokhayo yomwe imalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi kuuma.
N'chifukwa chiyani mapaipi amasiyana kwambiri ndi makina awo?Choyamba, kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi kosiyana.Chitsulo ndi njira yolimba yachitsulo ndi carbon, komanso ma alloys ena ofunikira.Kuti zikhale zosavuta, tidzathana ndi kuchuluka kwa carbon.Ma atomu a carbon amalowa m'malo mwa maatomu ena achitsulo, ndikupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino achitsulo.ASTM 1008 ndi giredi yoyamba yathunthu yokhala ndi kaboni kuchokera pa 0% mpaka 0.10%.Zero ndi nambala yapadera yomwe imapereka katundu wapadera pamtundu wa ultra-low carbon content muzitsulo.ASTM 1010 imatanthawuza zomwe zili mu kaboni kuchokera pa 0.08% mpaka 0.13%.Kusiyanaku sikukuwoneka kwakukulu, koma ndikokwanira kupanga kusiyana kwakukulu kwina.
Kachiwiri, mapaipi achitsulo amatha kupangidwa kapena kupangidwa ndikukonzedwanso m'njira zisanu ndi ziwiri zosiyana.ASTM A513 pakupanga mapaipi a ERW imatchula mitundu isanu ndi iwiri:
Ngati zitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi magawo a kupanga zitoliro sizimakhudza kuuma kwachitsulo, ndiye chiyani?Yankho la funso limeneli limatanthauza kuphunzira mosamala mwatsatanetsatane.Funsoli limabweretsa mafunso ena awiri: tsatanetsatane wanji komanso pafupi bwanji?
Tsatanetsatane wa njere zomwe zimapanga zitsulo ndi yankho loyamba.Chitsulo chikapangidwa m'mphero yoyamba, sichizizira kwambiri ndi chinthu chimodzi.Chitsulo chikazizira, mamolekyu ake amapanga mawonekedwe obwerezabwereza (makhiristo), ofanana ndi momwe ma snowflakes amapangidwira.Pambuyo pakupanga makhiristo, amaphatikizidwa m'magulu otchedwa mbewu.Mbewu zikazizira, zimakula, ndikupanga pepala lonse kapena mbale.Kukula kwa mbewu kumayima pamene molekyu womaliza wachitsulo watengedwa ndi njere.Zonsezi zimachitika pamlingo wocheperako, wokhala ndi njere yachitsulo yapakatikati yomwe imakhala pafupifupi ma microns 64 kapena mainchesi 0.0025 kudutsa.Ngakhale njere iliyonse ndi yofanana ndi ina, sizili zofanana.Amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mzake mu kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi carbon.Kulumikizana pakati pa njere kumatchedwa malire a tirigu.Chitsulo chikalephera, mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha ming'alu ya kutopa, imakonda kulephera pamalire a tirigu.
Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana pafupi bwanji kuti muwone ma particles osiyana?Kukulitsa kwa 100 nthawi kapena 100 kuchulukitsa kwa maso a munthu ndikokwanira.Komabe, kungoyang'ana chitsulo chosaphika ku mphamvu ya 100 sichita zambiri.Zitsanzo zimakonzedwa ndi kupukuta chitsanzo ndikuyika pamwamba ndi asidi, kawirikawiri nitric acid ndi mowa, zomwe zimatchedwa nitric acid etching.
Ndi njere ndi zitsulo zawo zamkati zomwe zimatsimikizira mphamvu ya mphamvu, MYS, UTS, ndi elongation yomwe chitsulo chingathe kupirira chisanathe.
Masitepe opangira zitsulo monga kutentha ndi kuzizira kugudubuza kusuntha kutengera kapangidwe kambewu;ngati nthawi zonse amasintha mawonekedwe, izi zikutanthauza kuti kupanikizika kwasokoneza mbewu.Njira zina zogwirira ntchito monga kukulunga zitsulo kukhala zopota, kumasula ndi kudutsa mu chubu (kupanga chubu ndi kukula) zimasokoneza njere zachitsulo.Kujambula kozizira kwa chitoliro pa mandrel kumatsindikanso zakuthupi, monga momwe amapangira masitepe monga mapeto a kupanga ndi kupindika.Kusintha kwa mbewu kumatchedwa dislocations.
Masitepe omwe ali pamwambawa amachepetsa ductility yachitsulo, mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi kupsinjika (kung'amba).Chitsulo chimakhala chosasunthika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimakhala zosavuta kusweka ngati mukupitiriza kugwira ntchito ndi zitsulo.Elongation ndi gawo limodzi la pulasitiki (compressibility ndi ina).Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa apa kuti kulephera nthawi zambiri kumachitika mukamakanirana, osati kupsinjika.Chitsulo chimagonjetsedwa ndi kupsinjika kwamphamvu chifukwa cha kutalika kwake.Komabe, chitsulo chimapunduka mosavuta pansi pa kupsinjika kwapakatikati - ndichosavuta - chomwe ndi mwayi.
Yerekezerani izi ndi konkire, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zopondereza kwambiri koma ductility yochepa.Zinthu izi zimatsutsana ndi chitsulo.Ichi ndichifukwa chake konkriti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamisewu, nyumba ndi misewu nthawi zambiri imalimbikitsidwa.Chotsatira chake ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi mphamvu za zipangizo zonse ziwiri: chitsulo chimakhala cholimba kwambiri ndipo konkire imakhala yolimba pakuponderezedwa.
Panthawi yowumitsa, ductility yachitsulo imachepa, ndipo kuuma kwake kumawonjezeka.Mwa kuyankhula kwina, izo zimawumitsa.Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu ziliri, izi zitha kukhala zopindulitsa, koma zitha kukhalanso zopanda pake, chifukwa kuuma kumafanana ndi brittleness.Ndiko kuti, chitsulo cholimba, chimakhala chochepa kwambiri ndipo motero chimakhala cholephera.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, sitepe iliyonse ya ndondomekoyi imafuna ductility ya chitoliro.Pamene gawolo likukonzedwa, limakhala lolemera, ndipo ngati liri lolemera kwambiri, ndiye kuti ndilopanda ntchito.Kuuma ndi brittleness, ndipo brittle machubu amatha kulephera pakagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kodi wopanga ali ndi zosankha pankhaniyi?Mwachidule, inde.Kusankha uku ndikosavuta, ndipo ngakhale sikunali zamatsenga kwenikweni, ndi zamatsenga momwe zingakhalire.
M'mawu osavuta, annealing amachotsa zotsatira zonse za thupi pazitsulo.Pochita izi, chitsulocho chimatenthedwa ndi kupsinjika maganizo kapena kutentha kwa recrystallization, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchotsedwa kwa dislocation.Choncho, njirayi pang'onopang'ono kapena kwathunthu kubwezeretsa ductility, malingana ndi kutentha yeniyeni ndi nthawi ntchito annealing ndondomeko.
Kuzizira ndi kuzizira kozizira kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu.Izi ndizopindulitsa ngati cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kuphulika kwa zinthuzo, koma kukula kwambewu kosalamulirika kungathe kufewetsa chitsulo kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti zisagwiritsidwe ntchito.Kuyimitsa ndondomeko ya annealing ndi chinthu chinanso chamatsenga.Kuzimitsa pa kutentha koyenera ndi wowumitsa woyenera pa nthawi yoyenera mwamsanga kumayimitsa ndondomekoyi ndikubwezeretsanso zinthu zachitsulo.
Kodi tiyenera kusiya kuuma specifications?ayi.The katundu kuuma ndi ofunika, choyamba, monga chitsogozo kudziwa makhalidwe a zitsulo mapaipi.Kuuma ndi muyeso wothandiza komanso chimodzi mwazinthu zingapo zomwe ziyenera kufotokozedwa poyitanitsa zinthu za tubular ndikuwunikiridwa pakulandila (zolembedwa pazotumiza zilizonse).Mayeso a kuuma akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyeso woyeserera, amayenera kukhala ndi miyeso yoyenera komanso malire owongolera.
Komabe, uku si kuyesa kowona kwa kudutsa (kuvomereza kapena kukana) kwa zinthuzo.Kuphatikiza pa kuuma, opanga amayenera kuyang'ana zomwe zatumizidwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti adziwe zinthu zina zofunika monga MYS, UTS, kapena kutalika kocheperako, kutengera momwe mapaipi amagwirira ntchito.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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