Kodi ndi kangati pakhala pali zovuta zopanga pomwe makoyilo atsopano kapena zosungunulira zidapangidwa?Mavutowa amatha kukhala ming'alu, ming'alu, ma burrs, kulowa bwino kwa weld, kutsika kwa electropolished, ndi zina zambiri.Mayeso a kuuma, kuyesa kwamphamvu, ndi magawo amtundu wa metallographic, ndikuwunikanso malipoti a mayeso a fakitale ndi njira zodziwika bwino zodziwira gwero la vuto.Nthawi zina gwero la vutoli limapezeka, koma nthawi zambiri palibe chodabwitsa chomwe chimapezeka.Pazifukwa izi, vuto limakhala mu kapangidwe ka chitsulo, ngakhale aloyiyo ili mkati mwa chitsulo chomwe chafotokozedwa.

Kufotokozera kwa ASTM 316 2205 904l 2B BA HL 6K 8K galasi lomaliza koyilo yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri:

M'nkhaniyi, tichepetsa zokambirana zathu kuzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic, ngakhale ndemanga zambiri zimagwiranso ntchito ku mitundu ina.Zinthu zambiri zomwe zili ndi zovuta sizikuwongolera ndipo ziyenera kufotokozedwa pazomwe kasitomala akufuna kapena kugula.Musaganize kuti aloyi yomwe mukugula imapangidwa kuchokera kumtundu uliwonse wa chinthu chilichonse.Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1988, mphero zazitsulo zakhala ndi pulogalamu yotchedwa "alloy chipping" yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa zopangira alloying kuti ateteze kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kuphulika kwachisanu.
Grade Design Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Austenitic zidapangidwa kuti zizipereka kukana kwa dzimbiri m'malo ambiri, kukana haidrojeni ndi kusungunula pa 885ºF (475ºC), mphamvu zabwino, ductility wabwino komanso kuuma kochepa.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri mu mawonekedwe ake osavuta ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi chromium osachepera 12%.Izi ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zisamachite dzimbiri ndipo zimalola kuti filimu yongoyang'ana ipangidwe.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chilipo m'magawo atatu azitsulo kutengera kapangidwe kake ndi chithandizo cha kutentha: ferritic, martensitic ndi austenitic.Mayina awa amatanthawuza mawonekedwe a kristalo: ferrite ndi cubic yomwe ili pakati pa thupi, austenite ndi cubic yokhala ndi nkhope, ndipo martensite ndi njira yopotoka ya tetragonal, ndiko kuti, mawonekedwe opindika a nkhope amakhala okhazikika pathupi.
Chitsulo choyera chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a kiyubiki okhazikika pathupi ndipo chimakhalapo kuyambira ziro mpaka pomwe chimasungunuka.Zinthu zina zikawonjezeredwa, "mphete za gamma" kapena austenite zimapangidwa.Zinthuzi ndi carbon, chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, silicon, vanadium ndi silicon.Mwa zinthu izi, faifi tambala, manganese, chromium ndi carbon amatha kukulitsa mphete ya gamma kutali kwambiri.Ndi kuphatikiza kwa faifi tambala ndi chromium komwe kumapangitsa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic kuyang'anizana ndi kiyubiki kuyambira ziro mpaka posungunuka.Ndi mphete ya gamma iyi yomwe imasiyanitsa ma aloyi a ferritic ndi martensitic.The chromium zili martensitic zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi yopapatiza, 14-18%, ndipo ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya, chifukwa kokha pamene mkangano mu osiyanasiyana akhoza koyera austenite kupangidwa, kotero kuti martensite akhoza anapezerapo ndi quenching.Ma aloyi a Ferritic ali ndi zomwe zili pansi pa 14% kapena kuposa 18%.Kusintha ma alloying zinthu kumatha kusintha osiyanasiyana.Njira yodziwika kwambiri ndikuchepetsa ma carbs anu.
Ambiri zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri austenitic zochokera zikuchokera 18-8, 18% Cr 8% Ni.Ngati nickel okhutira mu zitsulo kuposa 8%, ndi austenitic, ngati nickel zili m'munsi, ndiye duplex zitsulo, ndiko kuti, austenitic ndi zilumba za ferrite.Pa 5% nickel, kapangidwe kake ndi pafupifupi 50% austenitic, 50% ferritic, pansi pa 3% imakhala ferritic kwathunthu.Chifukwa chake, 8% nickel ndiye maziko azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic.
Pamene ma alloying amawonjezeredwa kuchitsulo, amatha kukhala mu kristalo waukulu.Izi zimadziwika kuti ma alloys olowa m'malo ndipo alloy amakhalabe gawo limodzi.Zinthu zina ndi zazing'ono zokwanira kuti zigwirizane ndi ma atomu, otchedwa interstitial elements, ndipo alloy imakhalabe gawo limodzi.Zinthu zina zidzaphatikizana kupanga makhiristo awo apadera ndikupanga magawo enaake.Ena amagwira ntchito ngati zonyansa mu aloyi, zomwe zimadziwika kuti inclusions.