304L 6.35 * 1mm Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri coiled machubu ogulitsa, Chiwonetsero champhamvu lithiamu mtengo kupanga pulsed mwachindunji neutroni

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Monga m'malo mwa kafukufuku wa zida za nyukiliya, jenereta ya nyutroni yoyendetsedwa ndi compact accelerator yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito dalaivala wamtengo wa lithiamu-ion ikhoza kukhala yodalirika chifukwa imatulutsa ma radiation osafunikira.Komabe, zinali zovuta kupereka mtengo wochuluka wa ma ion a lithiamu, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoterezi kunkaonedwa kuti sizingatheke.Vuto lalikulu kwambiri la kusakwanira kwa ma ion otaya linathetsedwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yachindunji ya plasma implantation.Muchiwembu ichi, plasma yothamanga kwambiri yopangidwa ndi laser ablation ya lithiamu zitsulo zojambulazo imalowetsedwa bwino ndikufulumizitsidwa ndi high-frequency quadrupole accelerator (RFQ accelerator).Tapeza nsonga yapamwamba kwambiri ya 35 mA yofulumira kufika ku 1.43 MeV, yomwe ndi maulamuliro awiri apamwamba kuposa makina ojambulira ndi ma accelerator omwe angapereke.
Mosiyana ndi ma X-ray kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ma neutroni ali ndi kuya kwakukulu kolowera komanso kulumikizana kwapadera ndi zinthu zofupikitsidwa, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ma probes osunthika kwambiri powerenga zakuthupi1,2,3,4,5,6,7.Makamaka, njira zobalalitsira nyutroni zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake, komanso kupsinjika kwamkati muzinthu zofupikitsidwa ndipo zimatha kupereka chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chamagulu opezeka muzitsulo zazitsulo zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray spectroscopy8.Njira imeneyi imatengedwa kuti ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri mu sayansi yoyambira ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga zitsulo ndi zipangizo zina.Posachedwapa, diffraction ya neutron yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire kupsinjika kotsalira muzinthu zamakina monga njanji ndi mbali za ndege9,10,11,12.Ma nyutroni amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'zitsime zamafuta ndi gasi chifukwa amagwidwa mosavuta ndi zinthu zokhala ndi proton13.Njira zofananirazi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito muukadaulo wa zomangamanga.Kuyesa kwa ma neutroni osawononga ndi chida chothandiza pozindikira zolakwika zobisika mnyumba, machubu ndi milatho.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa matabwa a nyutroni kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama mu kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi mafakitale, ambiri omwe adapangidwa kale pogwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya.
Komabe, ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi kusafalikira kwa zida za nyukiliya, kupanga ma reactor ang'onoang'ono kuti apange kafukufuku kukuvuta kwambiri.Ndiponso, ngozi yaposachedwapa ya ku Fukushima yachititsa kuti kumanga zida za nyukiliya kukhala zovomerezeka ndi anthu.Mogwirizana ndi izi, kufunikira kwa magwero a neutron pa ma accelerator kukukula2.Monga m'malo mwa zida zanyukiliya, magwero angapo akuluakulu ogawa ma neutroni akugwira ntchito14,15.Komabe, kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino zinthu za matabwa a nyutroni, ndikofunikira kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito magwero ophatikizika pa ma accelerators, 16 omwe angakhale a mabungwe ofufuza a mafakitale ndi mayunivesite.Magwero a Accelerator nyutroni awonjezera mphamvu ndi ntchito zatsopano kuwonjezera pa kukhala m'malo mwa zida zanyukiliya14.Mwachitsanzo, jenereta yoyendetsedwa ndi linac imatha kupanga mitsinje ya ma neutroni mosavuta ndikuwongolera mtengo wagalimoto.Akatulutsidwa, ma neutroni amakhala ovuta kuwongolera ndipo kuyeza kwa radiation kumakhala kovuta kusanthula chifukwa cha phokoso lopangidwa ndi manyutroni akumbuyo.Manyuturoni othamanga omwe amayendetsedwa ndi accelerator amapewa vutoli.Ma projekiti angapo otengera ukadaulo wa proton accelerator aperekedwa padziko lonse lapansi17,18,19.Zochita za 7Li(p, n)7Be ndi 9Be(p, n)9B zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza m'majenereta opangidwa ndi pulotoni opangidwa ndi nyutroni chifukwa ndi ma endothermic reactions20.Kuchuluka kwa radiation ndi zinyalala zotulutsa ma radio zitha kuchepetsedwa ngati mphamvu yosankhidwa kuti isangalatse mtengo wa proton ili pamwamba pang'ono poyambira.Komabe, unyinji wa nyukiliyasi yomwe chandamaleyo ndi yokulirapo kuposa ya ma protoni, ndipo ma neutroni ake amabalalika mbali zonse.Kuyandikira kotereku kwa isotropic kutulutsa kwa neutron kumalepheretsa kuyenda bwino kwa ma neutroni kupita ku chinthu chophunziridwa.Kuphatikiza apo, kuti mupeze mlingo wofunikira wa ma neutroni pamalo a chinthucho, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma protoni osuntha ndi mphamvu zawo.Zotsatira zake, milingo yayikulu ya cheza cha gamma ndi ma neutroni idzafalikira kudzera m'makona akulu, ndikuwononga mwayi wa endothermic reaction.Jenereta ya nyutroni yopangidwa ndi ma accelerator imakhala ndi chitetezo cholimba cha radiation ndipo ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri padongosolo.Kufunika kowonjezera mphamvu zoyendetsa ma protoni nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuwonjezereka kwina kwa kukula kwa malo othamangitsira.
Kuti mugonjetse zophophonya zanthawi zonse za magwero a nyutroni wamba pa ma accelerators, inversion-kinematic reaction scheme idaperekedwa21.Pachiwembu ichi, mtengo wolemera wa lithiamu-ion umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowongolera m'malo mwa mtengo wa proton, womwe umalunjika pazinthu zokhala ndi haidrojeni monga mapulasitiki a hydrocarbon, ma hydrides, gasi wa hydrogen, kapena hydrogen plasma.Njira zina zaganiziridwa, monga zitsulo zoyendetsedwa ndi beryllium ion, komabe, beryllium ndi mankhwala oopsa omwe amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera pogwira.Chifukwa chake, mtengo wa lithiamu ndiye woyenera kwambiri pamachitidwe a inversion-kinematic reaction.Popeza mphamvu ya lithiamu nuclei ndi yaikulu kuposa ya ma protoni, pakati pa kugunda kwa nyukiliya kumapita patsogolo nthawi zonse, ndipo ma neutroni amatulutsanso patsogolo.Izi zimachotsa kwambiri kuwala kwa gamma kosafunikira komanso kutulutsa kwa neutron22.Kuyerekeza kwanthawi yayitali ya injini ya proton ndi mawonekedwe osinthika a kinematics akuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1.
Chithunzi cha makona opangira ma neutroni a matabwa a proton ndi lithiamu (yojambulidwa ndi Adobe Illustrator CS5, 15.1.0, https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).(a) Ma nyutroni amatha kutulutsidwa mbali iliyonse chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika chifukwa ma protoni osuntha amagunda maatomu olemera kwambiri a chandamale cha lithiamu.(b) Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati dalaivala wa lithiamu-ion akuwombera chandamale cha hydrogen, ma neutroni amapangidwa mu kondomu yopapatiza kutsogolo chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwapakati pa dongosolo la misa.
Komabe, majenereta ochepa chabe a kinematic neutron omwe amakhalapo chifukwa cha zovuta kupanga ma ion olemera omwe ali ndi mtengo wapamwamba poyerekeza ndi ma protoni.Zomera zonsezi zimagwiritsa ntchito magwero a sputter sputter kuphatikiza ndi tandem electrostatic accelerators.Mitundu ina ya ma ion magwero aperekedwa kuti awonjezere mphamvu ya kuthamangitsa kwa mtengo26.Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, mtengo wa lithiamu-ion mtengo wapano umangokhala 100 µA.Zapangidwa kuti zigwiritse ntchito 1 mA ya Li3 + 27, koma mtengo wa ion wamakono sunatsimikizidwe ndi njirayi.Pankhani yakulimba, ma accelerator a lithiamu mtengo sangathe kupikisana ndi ma proton beam accelerators omwe nsonga ya proton pano imaposa 10 mA28.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito jenereta yophatikizika ya nyutroni yozikidwa pa mtengo wa lithiamu-ion, ndikwabwino kupanga mwamphamvu kwambiri yopanda ayoni.Ma ion amafulumizitsidwa ndikuwongoleredwa ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, ndipo kuchuluka kwacharge kumabweretsa kuthamanga kwachangu.Madalaivala a Li-ion amafunikira mafunde a Li3+ opitilira 10 mA.
Mu ntchitoyi, tikuwonetsa mathamangitsidwe a matabwa a Li3 + okhala ndi mafunde apamwamba mpaka 35 mA, omwe amafanana ndi ma proton accelerator apamwamba.Mtengo woyambirira wa lithiamu ion unapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito laser ablation ndi Direct Plasma Implantation Scheme (DPIS) yomwe idapangidwa kuti ipititse patsogolo C6+.Ma radio frequency quadrupole linac (RFQ linac) opangidwa mwachizolowezi adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo zinayi zomveka.Tatsimikizira kuti mtengo wothamanga uli ndi mphamvu yowerengera yoyera kwambiri.Pamene mtengo wa Li3 + umagwidwa bwino ndikufulumizitsidwa ndi ma radio frequency (RF) accelerator, gawo lotsatira linac (accelerator) limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti lipereke mphamvu yofunikira kuti ipange mphamvu ya neutron flux kuchokera ku cholinga.
Kuthamanga kwa ma ion apamwamba ndiukadaulo wokhazikika.Ntchito yotsalayo yozindikira jenereta yatsopano yogwira bwino kwambiri ya nyutroni ndikupanga ma ion a lithiamu ophwanyidwa kwathunthu ndikupanga gulu lamagulu lomwe limapangidwa ndi ma pulse a ion omwe amalumikizidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa RF mu accelerator.Zotsatira za zoyeserera zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zikwaniritse cholingachi zikufotokozedwa m'magawo atatu otsatirawa: (1) m'badwo wa mtengo wopanda lithiamu-ion, (2) kuthamangitsa mtengo pogwiritsa ntchito RFQ linac yopangidwa mwapadera, ndi (3) kuthamangitsa kusanthula. ya mtanda kuti muwone zomwe zili.Ku Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), tinapanga zoyeserera zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzi 2.
Mwachidule pakuyesa koyeserera kwachangu kusanthula kwamitengo ya lithiamu (yowonetsedwa ndi Inkscape, 1.0.2, https://inkscape.org/).Kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere, plasma ya laser-ablative imapangidwa muchipinda cholumikizira cha laser-target ndikuperekedwa ku RFQ linac.Mukalowa mu RFQ accelerator, ma ion amasiyanitsidwa ndi plasma ndikulowetsedwa mu RFQ accelerator kupyolera mumunda wamagetsi wadzidzidzi wopangidwa ndi kusiyana kwa 52 kV voltage pakati pa electrode yochotsa ndi electrode ya RFQ m'dera la drift.Ma ion ochotsedwa amafulumizitsidwa kuchoka pa 22 keV/n kufika pa 204 keV/n pogwiritsa ntchito ma elekitirodi a RFQ a mita 2.Transformer yamakono (CT) yomwe imayikidwa pakupanga kwa RFQ linac imapereka muyeso wosawononga wa ion mtengo wamakono.Mtengowo umayang'aniridwa ndi maginito atatu a quadrupole ndikuwongoleredwa ku maginito a dipole, omwe amalekanitsa ndikuwongolera mtengo wa Li3 + mu chowunikira.Kumbuyo kwa ng'anjo, scintillator ya pulasitiki yobweza ndi chikho cha Faraday (FC) chokhala ndi tsankho mpaka -400 V amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire mtengo womwe ukufulumizitsa.
Kupanga mokwanira ionized lithiamu ayoni (Li3+), m'pofunika kulenga plasma ndi kutentha pamwamba wachitatu ionization mphamvu (122,4 eV).Tinayesa kugwiritsa ntchito laser ablation kupanga plasma yotentha kwambiri.Mtundu uwu wa laser ion gwero si kawirikawiri ntchito kupanga lithiamu ion matabwa chifukwa lithiamu zitsulo ndi zotakasika ndipo amafuna akuchitira wapadera.Tapanga dongosolo lotsitsa chandamale kuti tichepetse chinyezi ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya tikamayika zojambulazo za lithiamu muchipinda cholumikizira cha vacuum laser.Kukonzekera kwa zipangizo zonse kunkachitika mu malo olamulidwa a argon youma.Pambuyo pa kujambula kwa lithiamu mu chipinda cha chandamale cha laser, chojambulacho chinayatsidwa ndi pulsed Nd: YAG laser radiation pa mphamvu ya 800 mJ pa pulse.Poyang'ana pa chandamale, kachulukidwe ka laser kamakhala pafupifupi 1012 W/cm2.Plasma imapangidwa pamene pulsed laser imawononga chandamale mu vacuum.Panthawi yonse ya 6 ns laser pulse, madzi a m'magazi akupitiriza kutentha, makamaka chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya reverse bremsstrahlung.Popeza palibe gawo lakunja lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yotentha, plasma imayamba kukula mumiyeso itatu.Madzi a m'magazi akayamba kufalikira pamwamba pa chandamale, pakatikati pa plasma imapeza liwiro lokhazikika pamtunda ndi mphamvu ya 600 eV / n.Pambuyo pakuwotcha, plasma imapitilira kusuntha kumbali ya axial kuchokera ku chandamale, ndikukulitsa isotropically.
Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2, plasma ya ablation imakula kukhala voliyumu ya vacuum yozunguliridwa ndi chidebe chachitsulo chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi zomwe mukufuna.Chifukwa chake, plasma imayenda m'dera laulere kupita ku RFQ accelerator.Mphamvu ya maginito ya axial imayikidwa pakati pa chipinda cha laser irradiation ndi RFQ linac pogwiritsa ntchito bala la solenoid coil kuzungulira chipinda chowulutsira.Mphamvu ya maginito ya solenoid imapondereza kufalikira kwa ma radial a plasma oyendetsa kuti asunge kachulukidwe ka plasma kachulukidwe ka plasma pakabowo ka RFQ.Kumbali inayi, plasma ikupitiriza kufalikira kumbali ya axial panthawi yoyendetsa, kupanga plasma yotalika.Kukondera kwamphamvu kwamagetsi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pachotengera chachitsulo chokhala ndi plasma kutsogolo kwa doko lotuluka panjira ya RFQ.Mphamvu ya kukondera idasankhidwa kuti ipereke jakisoni wofunikira wa 7Li3+ kuti apititse patsogolo moyenera ndi RFQ linac.
The chifukwa ablation plasma lili osati 7Li3+, komanso lifiyamu m'mayiko ena mlandu ndi zinthu zoipitsa, amene nthawi imodzi amatengedwa ku RFQ liniya accelerator.Asanayesere mwachangu pogwiritsa ntchito RFQ linac, kusanthula kwanthawi yowuluka popanda intaneti (TOF) kunachitika kuti aphunzire kapangidwe kake ndi kugawa mphamvu kwa ayoni mu plasma.Makhazikitsidwe atsatanetsatane amawunikidwe ndi magawo omwe adawonedwa akufotokozedwa mu gawo la Njira.Kufufuza kunasonyeza kuti 7Li3 + ions inali tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawerengera pafupifupi 54% ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.Pakuyesa kofulumira, gawo la 79 mT solenoid limayikidwa pamadzi a m'magazi omwe akukulirakulira.Zotsatira zake, 7Li3 + yamakono yotengedwa mu plasma ndikuwona pa detector inawonjezeka ndi 30.
Tizigawo ta ayoni mu plasma yopangidwa ndi laser yomwe imapezedwa ndi kusanthula nthawi yaulendo.Ma 7Li1+ ndi 7Li2+ ions amapanga 5% ndi 25% ya mtengo wa ion, motsatana.Gawo lodziwika la 6Li particles limagwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha 6Li (7.6%) mu chandamale cha lithiamu zojambulazo mkati mwa cholakwika choyesera.Kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa okosijeni (6.2%) kunawonedwa, makamaka O1 + (2.1%) ndi O2 + (1.5%), zomwe zingakhale chifukwa cha okosijeni pamtunda wa chandamale cha lithiamu.
Monga tanena kale, lithiamu plasma imayenda m'dera lopanda munda isanalowe mu RFQ linac.Kulowetsa kwa RFQ linac kumakhala ndi dzenje la 6 mm m'mimba mwake m'chidebe chachitsulo, ndipo voteji ya bias ndi 52 kV.Ngakhale magetsi a RFQ electrode amasintha mofulumira ± 29 kV pa 100 MHz, magetsi amachititsa kuti axial mathamangitsidwe chifukwa ma elekitirodi a RFQ accelerator ali ndi kuthekera kwa ziro.Chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yomwe imapangidwa mumpata wa 10 mm pakati pa kabowo ndi m'mphepete mwa electrode ya RFQ, ma ion a plasma okha ndi omwe amachotsedwa mu plasma pamalopo.M'machitidwe achikhalidwe operekera ma ion, ma ion amasiyanitsidwa ndi plasma ndi gawo lamagetsi pamtunda wotalikirapo kutsogolo kwa RFQ accelerator ndiyeno amayang'ana pobowo la RFQ ndi chinthu chowunikira.Komabe, pazitsulo zolemera za ma ion zomwe zimafunikira kuti pakhale gwero lamphamvu la nyutroni, mphamvu zosagwirizana ndi mzere chifukwa cha mlengalenga zimatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu pamayendedwe a mayendedwe a ion, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwaposachedwa komwe kumatha kufulumizitsa.Mu DPIS yathu, ma ion amphamvu kwambiri amanyamulidwa ngati plasma yoyenda molunjika kumalo otuluka a RFQ aperture, kotero palibe kutayika kwa mtengo wa ion chifukwa cha danga.Pachiwonetserochi, DPIS idagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtengo wa lithiamu-ion kwa nthawi yoyamba.
Mapangidwe a RFQ adapangidwa kuti azitha kuyang'ana kwambiri ndikufulumizitsa ma ion ma ion amphamvu otsika kwambiri ndipo wakhala muyeso wa kuyitanitsa koyamba.Tidagwiritsa ntchito RFQ kufulumizitsa ma 7Li3+ ma ion kuchokera pa implant mphamvu ya 22 keV/n mpaka 204 keV/n.Ngakhale kuti lithiamu ndi tinthu tina tating'ono tating'ono ta plasma timachotsedwanso ku plasma ndikulowetsedwa mu kabowo ka RFQ, RFQ linac imangowonjezera ma ion ndi chiŵerengero cha-charge-to-mass ratio (Q / A) pafupi ndi 7Li3 +.
Pa mkuyu.Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa ma waveform omwe azindikiridwa ndi thiransifoma yamakono (CT) pakutulutsa kwa RFQ linac ndi chikho cha Faraday (FC) atasanthula maginito, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.2. Kusintha kwa nthawi pakati pa zizindikiro kungatanthauzidwe ngati kusiyana kwa nthawi yowuluka pamalo a detector.Chiwongola dzanja chamakono choyezedwa pa CT chinali 43 mA.Pamalo a RT, mtengo wolembetsedwa ukhoza kukhala ndi ma ion okha omwe amathamangitsidwa ku mphamvu yowerengera, komanso ma ion ena kuposa 7Li3+, omwe sakufulumizitsa mokwanira.Komabe, kufanana kwa mawonekedwe amakono a ion omwe amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito QD ndi PC akuwonetsa kuti ion panopa imakhala ndi 7Li3 + yothamanga kwambiri, ndipo kuchepa kwamtengo wapatali wamakono pa PC kumayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa matabwa panthawi yosuntha ion pakati pa QD ndi QD. PC.Zotayika Izi zimatsimikiziridwanso ndi kayeseleledwe ka envelopu.Kuti muyese molondola mtengo wa 7Li3 +, mtengowo umawunikidwa ndi maginito a dipole monga momwe tafotokozera mu gawo lotsatira.
Oscillograms ya mtengo wothamanga wolembedwa mu detector positions CT (black curve) ndi FC (red curve).Miyezo iyi imayambitsidwa ndi kuzindikira kwa kuwala kwa laser ndi photodetector panthawi yopanga laser plasma.Mphepete mwakuda ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a waveform omwe amayezedwa pa CT yolumikizidwa ndi RFQ linac kutulutsa.Chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwa linac ya RFQ, chojambuliracho chimatenga phokoso la 100 MHz RF, kotero fyuluta ya 98 MHz low pass FFT inayikidwa kuti ichotse chizindikiro cha RF cha 100 MHz chomwe chili pamwamba pa chizindikiro chodziwika.Mzere wofiyira umawonetsa mawonekedwe a mafunde ku FC pambuyo poti maginito owunikira awongolera mtengo wa 7Li3+ ion.Pamaginito awa, kupatula 7Li3+, N6+ ndi O7+ zitha kunyamulidwa.
Mtengo wa ion pambuyo pa RFQ linac umayang'aniridwa ndi maginito atatu a quadrupole omwe akulunjika ndikuwunikiridwa ndi maginito a dipole kuti alekanitse zonyansa mumtengo wa ion.Mphamvu yamaginito ya 0.268 T imawongolera matabwa a 7Li3+ mu FC.The kudziwika waveform wa mphamvu maginito izi zikusonyezedwa ngati wofiira pamapindikira pa Chithunzi 4. The pachimake mtengo panopa kufika 35 mA, amene ali oposa 100 nthawi kuposa mmene Li3+ mtengo opangidwa mu ochiritsira ochiritsira electrostatic accelerators.Kutalika kwa pulse ndi 2.0 µs m'lifupi mwake ndi theka lapamwamba.Kuzindikirika kwa mtengo wa 7Li3+ wokhala ndi maginito a dipole kumawonetsa kukwera bwino komanso kuthamanga kwa mtengo.The ion mtengo panopa wapezeka ndi FC pamene sikani maginito maginito dipole akuwonetsedwa Mkuyu. 5. Choyera chimodzi nsonga anaonedwa, bwino anasiyanitsidwa ndi nsonga zina.Popeza kuti ma ion onse amafulumizitsa ku mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka RFQ linac ali ndi liwiro lomwelo, matabwa a ion okhala ndi Q/A omwewo ndi ovuta kuwalekanitsa ndi dipole magnetic fields.Choncho, sitingathe kusiyanitsa 7Li3 + ndi N6 + kapena O7 +.Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zonyansa kumatha kuyerekezedwa kuchokera kumayiko oyandikana nawo.Mwachitsanzo, N7+ ndi N5+ zikhoza kulekanitsidwa mosavuta, pamene N6+ ikhoza kukhala mbali ya zonyansa ndipo ikuyembekezeka kukhalapo pafupifupi mofanana ndi N7+ ndi N5+.Chiyerekezo cha kuwononga chilengedwe ndi pafupifupi 2%.
Beam chigawo sipekitiramu kupezedwa ndi sikani mbali ya dipole maginito.Pamwamba pa 0.268 T ikufanana ndi 7Li3 + ndi N6 +.Kutalika kwa nsonga kumatengera kukula kwa mtandawo pa kang'ono.Ngakhale nsonga zazikulu, 7Li3+ imalekanitsa bwino ndi 6Li3+, O6+, ndi N5+, koma imalekanitsa bwino ndi O7+ ndi N6+.
Pamalo a FC, mbiri ya mtengowo inatsimikiziridwa ndi plug-in scintillator ndipo inalembedwa ndi kamera yachangu ya digito monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 6. The 7Li3 + pulsed vundo ndi panopa 35 mA ikuwonetsedwa kuti ifulumizitse ku RFQ yowerengedwa. mphamvu ya 204 keV / n, yomwe ikufanana ndi 1.4 MeV, ndikutumizidwa ku chowunikira cha FC.
Mbiri ya Beam yowonedwa pa pre-FC scintillator skrini (yojambulidwa ndi Fiji, 2.3.0, https://imagej.net/software/fiji/).Maginito a maginito a dipole maginito adakonzedwa kuti atsogolere kuthamanga kwa mtengo wa Li3 + ion ku mphamvu yamagetsi RFQ.Madontho a buluu m'dera lobiriwira amayamba chifukwa cha zinthu zolakwika za scintillator.
Tinapeza mbadwo wa 7Li3 + ions ndi laser ablation pamwamba pa chojambula cholimba cha lithiamu, ndipo mtengo wapamwamba wa ion wamakono unagwidwa ndikufulumizitsidwa ndi RFQ linac yopangidwa mwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito DPIS.Pamphamvu yamtengo wa 1.4 MeV, nsonga yapamwamba ya 7Li3+ yomwe idafika pa FC pambuyo pakuwunika maginito inali 35 mA.Izi zikutsimikizira kuti gawo lofunika kwambiri la kukhazikitsidwa kwa gwero la nyutroni lomwe lili ndi ma kinematics osinthika lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito moyesera.Mu gawo ili la pepala, mapangidwe onse a gwero la nyutroni yophatikizika adzakambidwa, kuphatikiza ma accelerator amphamvu kwambiri ndi malo opangira ma nyutroni.Mapangidwewa amachokera ku zotsatira zomwe zapezeka ndi machitidwe omwe alipo mu labotale yathu.Dziwani kuti nsonga yapamwamba ya mtengo wa ion imatha kuonjezedwanso mwa kufupikitsa mtunda pakati pa zojambulazo za lithiamu ndi RFQ linac.Mpunga.7 ikuwonetsera lingaliro lonse la gwero la nyutroni yogwirizana pa accelerator.
Mapangidwe amalingaliro a gwero lopangidwa ndi nyutroni yolumikizana pa accelerator (yokokedwa ndi Freecad, 0.19, https://www.freecadweb.org/).Kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere: gwero la laser ion, solenoid maginito, RFQ linac, medium energy beam transfer (MEBT), IH linac, ndi chipinda cholumikizirana chopanga ma neutroni.Chitetezo cha radiation chimaperekedwa makamaka kutsogolo chifukwa cha kuwongolera pang'ono kwa matabwa a nyutroni.
Pambuyo pa RFQ linac, kupititsa patsogolo kupititsa patsogolo kwa Inter-digital H-structure (IH linac)30 linac ikukonzekera.IH linacs imagwiritsa ntchito machubu a π-mode Drift drift kuti ipereke ma gradient amagetsi apamwamba pa liwiro linalake.Kufufuza kwamalingaliro kunachitika kutengera 1D longitudinal dynamics kayeseleledwe ndi 3D chipolopolo kayeseleledwe.Mawerengedwe amasonyeza kuti 100 MHz IH linac ndi wololera drift chubu voteji (zosakwana 450 kV) ndi amphamvu kuganizira maginito akhoza imathandizira 40 mA mtengo kuchokera 1.4 kuti 14 MeV pa mtunda wa 1.8 m.Kugawa kwamagetsi kumapeto kwa unyolo wothamangitsira akuyerekezeredwa ku ± 0.4 MeV, zomwe sizimakhudza kwambiri mphamvu ya ma neutroni opangidwa ndi chandamale cha kutembenuka kwa neutron.Kuphatikiza apo, kutulutsa mpweya kumakhala kocheperako kuti kumayang'ana mtengowo kukhala malo ang'onoang'ono amtengo kuposa momwe zimafunikira kuti pakhale mphamvu yapakati komanso kukula kwa maginito a quadrupole.Pamayendedwe apakati amagetsi amagetsi (MEBT) pakati pa RFQ linac ndi IH linac, resonator yowunikira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga mawonekedwe ake.Maginito atatu a quadrupole amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kukula kwa mtengo wam'mbali.Njira yopangira iyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma accelerator ambiri31,32,33.Kutalika konse kwa dongosolo lonse kuchokera ku gwero la ion kupita kuchipinda chomwe mukufuna kulowera kukuyembekezeka kukhala kosakwana 8 m, komwe kumatha kulowa mugalimoto yokhazikika ya semi-trailer.
Chandamale chosinthira cha nyutroni chidzakhazikitsidwa molunjika pambuyo pa mzere wothamangitsira.Timakambilana za mapangidwe a malo omwe tidafuna kutsata kutengera maphunziro am'mbuyomu pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osintha a kinematic23.Zolinga zosinthidwa zomwe zanenedwa zikuphatikizapo zinthu zolimba (polypropylene (C3H6) ndi titanium hydride (TiH2)) ndi makina opangira mpweya.Cholinga chilichonse chili ndi ubwino ndi kuipa kwake.Zolinga zolimba zimalola kuwongolera ndendende makulidwe.Kuchepa kwa chandamale, m'pamenenso kulondola kwapang'onopang'ono kwa malo opangira ma neutroni.Komabe, zolinga zoterezi zingakhalebe ndi mphamvu zina zanyukiliya zosafunikira ndi ma radiation.Kumbali ina, chandamale cha haidrojeni chingapereke malo oyeretsa pochotsa kupanga 7Be, chinthu chachikulu cha nyukiliya.Komabe, haidrojeni ili ndi mphamvu yotchinga yofooka ndipo imafuna mtunda waukulu wakuthupi kuti mphamvu itulutse mphamvu.Izi ndizovuta pang'ono pamiyezo ya TOF.Kuonjezera apo, ngati filimu yopyapyala imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikiza chandamale cha haidrojeni, m'pofunika kuganizira kutayika kwa mphamvu kwa kuwala kwa gamma komwe kumapangidwa ndi filimu yopyapyala ndi zochitika za lithiamu.
LICORNE imagwiritsa ntchito chandamale cha polypropylene ndipo makina omwe akuwatsata asinthidwa kukhala ma cell a haidrojeni osindikizidwa ndi zojambulazo za tantalum.Kungotengera mtengo wamakono wa 100 nA kwa 7Li34, machitidwe onse omwe akuwongolera amatha kupanga mpaka 107 n/s/sr.Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito kutembenuka kwa zokolola za nyutroni ku gwero lathu la nyutroni, ndiye kuti mtengo woyendetsedwa ndi lithiamu wa 7 × 10-8 C ukhoza kupezeka pamtundu uliwonse wa laser.Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwombera laser kawiri pa sekondi imodzi kumatulutsa ma neutroni 40% kuposa momwe LICORNE angatulutsire mphindi imodzi ndi mtengo wopitilira.Kuthamanga kwathunthu kumatha kuchulukitsidwa mosavuta powonjezera kuchuluka kwa mafunde a laser.Ngati tikuganiza kuti pali makina a laser a 1 kHz pamsika, kuchuluka kwa neutron flux kumatha kukulitsidwa mpaka pafupifupi 7 × 109 n/s/sr.
Tikamagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe obwerezabwereza omwe ali ndi zolinga zapulasitiki, m'pofunika kulamulira kutentha kwa kutentha pa zolinga chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, polypropylene ili ndi malo otsika osungunuka a 145-175 ° C ndi otsika kutentha kwa 0.1-0.22 W / m/k.Kwa mtengo wa 14 MeV wa lithiamu-ion, 7 µm wandiweyani wa polypropylene chandamale ndi wokwanira kuchepetsa mphamvu yamtengo kuti ifike poyambira (13.098 MeV).Poganizira zotsatira zonse za ayoni opangidwa ndi laser kuwombera pa chandamale, mphamvu yotulutsa lithiamu ion kudzera mu polypropylene imayesedwa pa 64 mJ / pulse.Kungoganiza kuti mphamvu zonse zimasamutsidwa mu bwalo lokhala ndi mainchesi 10 mm, kugunda kulikonse kumafanana ndi kutentha kwa pafupifupi 18 K / pulse.Kutulutsa mphamvu pazigawo za polypropylene kumachokera ku lingaliro losavuta kuti kutayika kwa mphamvu zonse kumasungidwa ngati kutentha, popanda ma radiation kapena kutaya kwina kulikonse.Popeza kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ma pulse pamphindikati kumafuna kuchotsedwa kwa kutentha kwambiri, titha kugwiritsa ntchito mizere ya mizere kuti tipewe kutulutsa mphamvu pamlingo womwewo23.Kungotengera malo amtengo wa 10 mm pa chandamale ndi kubwereza kwa laser kwa 100 Hz, kuthamanga kwa sikani ya tepi ya polypropylene kungakhale 1 m/s.Kubwereza kwapamwamba kumakhala kotheka ngati kuphatikizika kwa madontho kumaloledwa.
Tidafufuzanso zokonda ndi mabatire a haidrojeni, chifukwa ma drive amphamvu amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kuwononga chandamale.Mtengo wa nyutroni ukhoza kusinthidwa mosavuta posintha kutalika kwa chipinda cha mpweya ndi mphamvu ya haidrojeni mkati.Zojambula zachitsulo zopyapyala nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma accelerator kuti alekanitse gawo la mpweya wa chandamale ndi vacuum.Choncho, m'pofunika kuwonjezera mphamvu ya chochitika cha lithiamu-ion mtengo kuti athe kubwezera kutayika kwa mphamvu pa zojambulazo.Msonkhano womwe wafotokozedwa mu lipoti 35 unali ndi chidebe cha aluminiyamu chautali wa 3.5 cm ndi mphamvu ya gasi ya H2 ya 1.5 atm.Mtengo wa lithiamu ion wa 16.75 MeV umalowa mu batri kudzera pa foil yoziziritsidwa ndi mpweya wa 2.7 µm, ndipo mphamvu ya lithiamu ion beam kumapeto kwa batire imatsitsidwa mpaka poyambira.Kuti muwonjezere mphamvu zamabatire a lithiamu-ion kuchokera ku 14.0 MeV mpaka 16.75 MeV, IH linac inkafunika kutalikitsa pafupifupi 30 cm.
Kutulutsa kwa ma neutroni kuchokera ku ma cell a gasi kunaphunziridwanso.Pazolinga zagasi za LICORNE zomwe tatchulazi, zoyeserera za GEANT436 zikuwonetsa kuti ma neutroni omwe amalunjika kwambiri amapangidwa mkati mwa chulucho, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1 mu [37].Reference 35 ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kuchokera ku 0.7 mpaka 3.0 MeV yokhala ndi kutseguka kopitilira 19.5 ° kutengera komwe kumafalikira kwa mtengo waukulu.Ma nyutroni okhazikika kwambiri amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotchingira pamakona ambiri, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa kapangidwe kake ndikupereka kusinthasintha kwakukulu pakuyika zida zoyezera.Kuchokera pakuwona chitetezo cha radiation, kuwonjezera pa ma neutroni, chandamale cha mpweyachi chimatulutsa kuwala kwa 478 keV gamma isotropically mu centroid coordinate system38.Ma γ-ray awa amapangidwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa 7Be ndi 7Li deexcitation, zomwe zimachitika pamene mtengo woyambira wa Li ugunda zenera lolowera Ta.Komabe, powonjezera 35 Pb/Cu cylindrical collimator wandiweyani, mazikowo akhoza kuchepetsedwa kwambiri.
Monga njira ina, munthu angagwiritse ntchito zenera la plasma [39, 40], zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukwaniritsa kuthamanga kwa hydrogen ndi malo ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa neutron, ngakhale kuti ndi otsika ku zolinga zolimba.
Tikufufuza njira zosinthira ma neutron pakugawa mphamvu zomwe zikuyembekezeka komanso kukula kwa mtengo wa lithiamu ion mtengo pogwiritsa ntchito GEANT4.Zoyeserera zathu zikuwonetsa kugawa kosasinthasintha kwa mphamvu ya neutron ndi magawo aang'ono a ma hydrogen omwe ali m'mabuku omwe ali pamwambapa.M'dongosolo lililonse lomwe mukufuna, ma neutroni olunjika kwambiri amatha kupangidwa ndi njira yosinthira ya kinematic yoyendetsedwa ndi mtengo wamphamvu wa 7Li3+ pa chandamale chokhala ndi haidrojeni.Choncho, magwero atsopano a nyutroni akhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwa kuphatikiza matekinoloje omwe alipo kale.
Mikhalidwe ya laser irradiation idapanganso kuyesa kwa ion beam generation isanawonetsedwe mwachangu.Laser ndi desktop nanosecond Nd:YAG system yokhala ndi mphamvu ya laser ya 1012 W/cm2, kutalika kwa mafunde a 1064 nm, mphamvu yamalo 800 mJ, komanso kugunda kwa 6 ns.Kutalika kwa malo pa chandamale kumayerekezedwa ndi 100 µm.Chifukwa chitsulo cha lithiamu (Alfa Aesar, 99.9% choyera) ndi chofewa, zinthu zodulidwa ndendende zimakanikizidwa mu nkhungu.Miyeso ya zojambulazo 25 mm × 25 mm, makulidwe 0,6 mm.Kuwonongeka kofanana ndi Crater kumachitika pamwamba pa chandamale pomwe laser igunda, motero chandamalecho chimasunthidwa ndi nsanja yamoto kuti ipereke gawo latsopano la malo omwe chandamale ndi kuwombera kulikonse kwa laser.Pofuna kupewa kuyambiranso chifukwa cha gasi wotsalira, kupanikizika m'chipindacho kumasungidwa pansi pa 10-4 Pa.
Voliyumu yoyamba ya plasma ya laser ndi yaying'ono, popeza kukula kwa malo a laser ndi 100 μm ndipo mkati mwa 6 ns pambuyo pa m'badwo wake.Voliyumu imatha kutengedwa ngati mfundo yeniyeni ndikukulitsidwa.Ngati chojambuliracho chayikidwa patali xm kuchokera pamalo omwe chandamale, ndiye kuti chizindikiro cholandilidwa chimamvera ubale: ion panopa I, ion kufika nthawi t, ndi kugunda m'lifupi τ.
Plasma yopangidwa idaphunziridwa ndi njira ya TOF ndi FC ndi mphamvu ya ion analyzer (EIA) yomwe ili pamtunda wa 2.4 m ndi 3.85 m kuchokera pa cholinga cha laser.FC ili ndi gulu lopondereza lomwe limakondera ndi -5 kV kuteteza ma elekitironi.EIA ili ndi 90 degree electrostatic deflector yopangidwa ndi ma elekitirodi achitsulo a coaxial cylindrical okhala ndi voteji yofanana koma polarity yosiyana, zabwino kunja ndi zoipa mkati.Kukula kwa plasma kumalunjika ku deflector kuseri kwa kagawo ndikupatutsidwa ndi gawo lamagetsi lomwe limadutsa mu silinda.Ma Ioni okhutiritsa ubale E/z = eKU amazindikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito Sekondale Electron Multiplier (SEM) (Hamamatsu R2362), pomwe E, z, e, K, ndi U ndi mphamvu ya ion, malo olipira, ndi mtengo ndi EIA geometric factor. .ma elekitironi, motero, ndi kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa ma elekitirodi.Posintha voteji kudutsa deflector, munthu atha kupeza mphamvu ndi kugawa kwa ayoni mu plasma.Mphamvu yakusesa ya U/2 EIA ili pakati pa 0.2 V mpaka 800 V, yomwe imagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya ion mumtundu wa 4 eV mpaka 16 keV pamalipiro.
Magawidwe a boma lamalipiro a ayoni omwe amawunikidwa pansi pamikhalidwe ya kuwala kwa laser yofotokozedwa mu gawo la "Generation of Lifiyamu matabwa" akuwonetsedwa muzithunzi.8.
Kusanthula kwa kugawa kwa boma la ions.Nayi mbiri yanthawi yayitali ya ion yomwe idawunikidwa ndi EIA ndikuyikidwa pa 1 m kuchokera pazithunzi za lithiamu pogwiritsa ntchito equation.(1) ndi (2).Gwiritsani ntchito mikhalidwe yoyatsira laser yofotokozedwa mu gawo la "Generation of a Completely Exfoliated Lithium Beam".Mwa kuphatikiza kachulukidwe kalikonse kamakono, gawo la ayoni mu plasma linawerengedwa, lomwe likuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 3.
Magwero a laser ion amatha kuperekera mtengo wa multi-mA ion wokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba.Komabe, kubweretsa matabwa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthamangitsidwa kwa malo, kotero sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.Mwachizoloŵezi chachikhalidwe, matabwa a ion amachotsedwa mu plasma ndikutumizidwa ku accelerator yoyamba motsatira mzere wamtengo wapatali wokhala ndi maginito angapo omwe amawunikira kuti apange mtengo wa ion molingana ndi kuthekera kwa accelerator.M'miyendo yamphamvu yamlengalenga, mizati imasiyana mopanda mzere, ndipo kutayika kwakukulu kwamitengo kumawonedwa, makamaka m'chigawo chotsika kwambiri.Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli popanga ma accelerators azachipatala, njira yatsopano yoperekera mitengo ya DPIS41 ikuperekedwa.Tagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuti tifulumizitse mtengo wamphamvu wa lithiamu-ion kuchokera kugwero latsopano la nyutroni.
Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.4, malo omwe plasma amapangidwira ndikukulitsidwa akuzunguliridwa ndi chidebe chachitsulo.Malo otsekedwa amafikira pakhomo la RFQ resonator, kuphatikizapo voliyumu mkati mwa koyilo ya solenoid.Mphamvu ya 52 kV idayikidwa pachidebecho.Mu resonator ya RFQ, ma ion amakokedwa ndi kuthekera kudzera mu dzenje la 6 mm m'mimba mwake pokhazikitsa RFQ.Mphamvu zopanda mzere zonyansa pamzere wamtengowo zimachotsedwa pamene ma ion amatengedwa mu plasma state.Kuphatikiza apo, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, tidagwiritsa ntchito gawo la solenoid kuphatikiza ndi DPIS kuti tiwongolere ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ayoni pabowo lotulutsa.
RFQ accelerator imakhala ndi chipinda cha vacuum cha cylindrical monga momwe zikuwonetsera mkuyu.9 a.Mkati mwake, ndodo zinayi zamkuwa zopanda mpweya zimayikidwa quadrupole-symmetrically mozungulira mtengo wamtengo (mkuyu 9b).4 ndodo ndi zipinda kupanga resonant RF dera.Gawo la RF lopangidwa limapanga magetsi osinthika nthawi pa ndodo.Ma Ioni omwe amaikidwa motalika mozungulira mbaliyi amagwiridwa mozungulira ndi gawo la quadrupole.Nthawi yomweyo, nsonga ya ndodo imasinthidwa kuti ipange gawo lamagetsi la axial.Munda wa axial umagawaniza jekeseni wopitilira muyeso wamagulu amtundu wotchedwa mtengo.Mtengo uliwonse umakhala mkati mwa nthawi yozungulira ya RF (10 ns).Miyendo yoyandikana nayo imayikidwa molingana ndi nthawi ya mawayilesi.Mu RFQ linac, mtengo wa 2 µs kuchokera ku gwero la laser ion umasinthidwa kukhala mndandanda wa 200.Kenako mtengowo umafulumizitsidwa kupita ku mphamvu yowerengedwa.
Linear accelerator RFQ.(a) (kumanzere) Kuwona kwakunja kwa chipinda cha RFQ linac.(b) (kumanja) Elekitilodi ya ndodo zinayi mchipinda.
Magawo akuluakulu a RFQ linac ndi magetsi a ndodo, ma frequency a resonant, radius hole, ndi ma electrode modulation.Sankhani voliyumu pa ndodo ± 29 kV kuti gawo lake lamagetsi likhale pansi pa malo owonongeka a magetsi.Kutsika kwa ma frequency a resonant, kumapangitsanso mphamvu yoyang'ana kumbuyo ndikuchepetsa gawo lothamangitsira.Large aperture radii imapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke kukula kwa mtengowo ndipo, chifukwa chake, onjezerani mtengowo chifukwa cha kuthamangitsidwa kwamalo ang'onoang'ono.Kumbali ina, ma radii akulu akulu amafunikira mphamvu zambiri za RF kuti apangitse RFQ linac mphamvu.Kuphatikiza apo, zimachepetsedwa ndi zofunikira zapatsamba.Kutengera masikelo awa, ma frequency a resonant (100 MHz) ndi ma aperture radius (4.5 mm) adasankhidwa kuti azitha kuthamanga kwambiri.Ma module amasankhidwa kuti achepetse kutayika kwa mtengo ndikukulitsa kuthamanga kwachangu.Kapangidwe kake kakongoletsedwa kambiri kuti apange RFQ linac design yomwe imatha kuthamangitsa ma 7Li3+ ions pa 40 mA kuchoka pa 22 keV/n mpaka 204 keV/n mkati mwa 2 m.Mphamvu ya RF yoyezedwa panthawi yoyesera inali 77 kW.
RFQ linacs imatha kufulumizitsa ma ion ndi mitundu ina ya Q/A.Chifukwa chake, pakuwunika mtengo womwe umaperekedwa kumapeto kwa chowongolera chowongolera, ndikofunikira kuganizira isotopu ndi zinthu zina.Kuphatikiza apo, ma ion omwe amafunidwa, othamangitsidwa pang'ono, koma amatsikira pansi pamikhalidwe yothamangitsa pakati pa accelerator, amatha kukumana ndi kutsekeredwa kumbuyo ndipo amatha kunyamulidwa mpaka kumapeto.Kuwala kosafunika kupatula tinthu tating'ono ta 7Li3+ timatchedwa zonyansa.Pazoyesera zathu, zonyansa za 14N6 + ndi 16O7 + zinali zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, popeza chitsulo cha lithiamu chimagwira ndi mpweya ndi nayitrogeni mumlengalenga.Ma ion awa ali ndi chiŵerengero cha Q/A chomwe chingathe kufulumizitsa ndi 7Li3+.Timagwiritsa ntchito maginito a dipole kuti tilekanitse matabwa amtundu wosiyanasiyana komanso mtundu wake pakuwunika kwamitengo pambuyo pa RFQ linac.
Mzere wamtengowo pambuyo pa RFQ linac idapangidwa kuti ipereke mtengo wothamanga wa 7Li3+ ku FC pambuyo pa maginito a dipole.-400 V bias electrodes amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupondereza ma elekitironi achiwiri mu kapu kuti ayese molondola mtengo wa ion mtengo.Ndi ma optics awa, ma ion trajectories amagawidwa kukhala dipoles ndikuyang'ana m'malo osiyanasiyana kutengera Q/A.Chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kufalikira kwamphamvu komanso kuthamangitsidwa kwa malo, mtengo womwe umayang'ana umakhala ndi m'lifupi mwake.Mtunduwu ukhoza kulekanitsidwa kokha ngati mtunda wapakati pa malo okhazikika a mitundu iwiri ya ma ion ndi yayikulu kuposa m'lifupi mwake.Kuti mupeze chigamulo chapamwamba kwambiri, chopingasa chopingasa chimayikidwa pafupi ndi chiuno cha mtengo, pomwe mtengowo umakhala wokhazikika.Chotchinga cha scintillation (CsI(Tl) chochokera ku Saint-Gobain, 40 mm × 40 mm × 3 mm) chinayikidwa pakati pa ng'anjo ndi PC.Scintillator idagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kang'ono kakang'ono kwambiri komwe tinthu tomwe tidapanga timayenera kudutsamo kuti tithe kuwongolera bwino komanso kuwonetsa makulidwe ovomerezeka amitengo ya ayoni yolemetsa.Chithunzi cha mtengo pa scintillator chimajambulidwa ndi kamera ya CCD kudzera pawindo la vacuum.Sinthani zenera la nthawi yowonekera kuti litseke m'lifupi mwake lonse.
Ma data omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kusanthula mu kafukufuku wapano akupezeka kuchokera kwa olemba omwe afunsidwa ngati afunsidwa.
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