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Kukhalapo kwa zitsulo zotulutsidwa ndi cheza cha microwave ndikovuta chifukwa zitsulo zimayaka mosavuta.Koma chosangalatsa ndichakuti ofufuzawo adapeza kuti kutulutsa kwa arc kumapereka njira yodalirika yopangira ma nanomatadium pogawa mamolekyu.Kafukufukuyu akupanga njira yopangira imodzi yokha koma yotsika mtengo yomwe imaphatikiza kutentha kwa microwave ndi arc yamagetsi kuti isinthe mafuta a kanjedza osasinthika kukhala maginito nanocarbon (MNC), yomwe ingaganizidwe ngati njira yatsopano yopangira mafuta a kanjedza.Zimakhudza kaphatikizidwe ka sing'anga yokhala ndi waya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (dielectric medium) ndi ferrocene (chothandizira) pansi pamikhalidwe yolowera pang'ono.Njirayi yasonyezedwa bwino pakuwotcha mu kutentha kwapakati pa 190.9 mpaka 472.0 ° C ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana za kaphatikizidwe (10-20 min).Ma MNCs okonzedwa kumene adawonetsa magawo okhala ndi kukula kwa 20.38-31.04 nm, mawonekedwe a mesoporous (SBET: 14.83-151.95 m2 / g) komanso kuchuluka kwa kaboni wokhazikika (52.79-71.24 wt.%), komanso D ndi G magulu (ID/g) 0.98–0.99.Kupangidwa kwa nsonga zatsopano mu mawonekedwe a FTIR (522.29-588.48 cm-1) kumachitira umboni kukhalapo kwa mankhwala a FeO mu ferrocene.Magnetometer amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa magnetization (22.32–26.84 emu/g) muzinthu za ferromagnetic.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa MNCs pochiza madzi onyansa kwasonyezedwa poyesa mphamvu yawo ya adsorption pogwiritsa ntchito methylene blue (MB) adsorption test pamagulu osiyanasiyana kuyambira 5 mpaka 20 ppm.Ma MNCs omwe adapezedwa panthawi yophatikizika (20 min) adawonetsa kutsatsa kwambiri (10.36 mg / g) poyerekeza ndi ena, ndipo kuchuluka kwa utoto wa MB kunali 87.79%.Chifukwa chake, zikhulupiriro za Langmuir sizikhala ndi chiyembekezo poyerekeza ndi mfundo za Freundlich, pomwe R2 imakhala pafupifupi 0.80, 0.98 ndi 0.99 ya ma MNC opangidwa pa 10 min (MNC10), 15 min (MNC15) ndi 20 min (MNC20) motsatana.Chifukwa chake, dongosolo la adsorption lili mumkhalidwe wosiyanasiyana.Chifukwa chake, ma microwave arcing amapereka njira yodalirika yosinthira CPO kukhala MNC, yomwe imatha kuchotsa utoto woyipa.
Ma radiation a Microwave amatha kutenthetsa mbali zamkati mwazinthu kudzera mumgwirizano wamagulu amagetsi amagetsi.Mayankho a microwave awa ndi apadera chifukwa amalimbikitsa kuyankha mwachangu komanso kofanana.Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kufulumizitsa njira yotenthetsera ndikuwonjezera machitidwe amankhwala2.Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha nthawi yayifupi, mawonekedwe a microwave amatha kupanga zinthu zoyera komanso zokolola zambiri3,4.Chifukwa cha zodabwitsa zake, ma radiation a microwave amathandizira ma microwave syntheses osangalatsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro ambiri, kuphatikiza machitidwe amankhwala komanso kaphatikizidwe ka nanomaterials5,6.Pakuwotcha, zida za dielectric za wolandila mkati mwa sing'anga zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zimapanga malo otentha pakati, zomwe zimatsogolera kupanga ma nanocarbons okhala ndi ma morphologies osiyanasiyana ndi katundu.Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Omoriyekomwan et al.Kupanga ma nanofibers a hollow carbon nanofibers kuchokera kumbewu za kanjedza pogwiritsa ntchito activated carbon ndi nitrogen8.Kuphatikiza apo, Fu ndi Hamid adatsimikiza kugwiritsa ntchito chothandizira kupanga mafuta a palm fiber activated carbon mu uvuni wa microwave wa 350 W9.Choncho, njira yofananayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito potembenuza mafuta a kanjedza osakhwima kukhala ma MNCs poyambitsa zowononga zoyenera.
Chochitika chosangalatsa chawonedwa pakati pa ma radiation a microwave ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi m'mbali zakuthwa, madontho kapena kusakhazikika kwapang'onopang'ono10.Kukhalapo kwa zinthu ziwirizi kudzakhudzidwa ndi arc yamagetsi kapena spark (yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa arc discharge)11,12.Arc idzalimbikitsa kupangika kwa malo otentha kwambiri ndikuwongolera zomwe zimachitika, potero kuwongolera kapangidwe ka chilengedwe13.Chochitika chapaderachi komanso chosangalatsachi chakopa maphunziro osiyanasiyana monga kuchotsa zonyansa14,15, biomass tar cracking16, microwave assisted pyrolysis17,18 and material synthesis19,20,21.
Posachedwapa, ma nanocarbons monga carbon nanotubes, carbon nanospheres, ndi kusinthidwa kuchepetsedwa kwa graphene oxide akopa chidwi chifukwa cha katundu wawo.Ma nanocarbons awa ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito kuyambira kupanga magetsi mpaka kuyeretsa madzi kapena kuwononga23.Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zabwino kwambiri za kaboni zimafunikira, koma nthawi yomweyo, maginito abwino amafunikira.Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri kuphatikiza ma ion achitsulo ndi utoto wambiri pakuwongolera madzi otayira, zosintha maginito mu biofuel komanso ngakhale ma microwave absorbers24,25,26,27,28.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ma carbons ali ndi ubwino wina, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa malo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wazinthu zamaginito za nanocarbon akuchulukirachulukira.Nthawi zambiri, ma nanocarboni a maginitowa ndi zinthu zambirimbiri zomwe zimakhala ndi maginito opangidwa ndi nanosized zomwe zimatha kupangitsa kuti zinthu zakunja zizigwira ntchito, monga ma elekitirodi akunja kapena maginito osinthasintha29.Chifukwa cha maginito, ma nanocarboni a maginito amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zogwira ntchito komanso zovuta zopangira immobilization30.Pakadali pano, maginito nanocarbons (MNCs) amawonetsa bwino kwambiri potsatsa zowononga kuchokera kumadzi amadzimadzi.Kuphatikiza apo, malo apamwamba kwambiri komanso ma pores omwe amapangidwa mu MNCs amatha kukulitsa mphamvu ya adsorption31.Olekanitsa maginito amatha kulekanitsa ma MNCs ku mayankho ogwira mtima kwambiri, kuwasandutsa kukhala sorbent32 yotheka komanso yotheka.
Ofufuza angapo awonetsa kuti ma nanocarbons apamwamba amatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a kanjedza33,34 yaiwisi.Mafuta a kanjedza, omwe amadziwika kuti Elais Guneensis, amaonedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa mafuta ofunika kwambiri omwe amadyedwa omwe amapanga pafupifupi matani 76.55 miliyoni mu 202135. Mafuta a kanjedza osakanizidwa kapena CPO ali ndi chiŵerengero choyenera cha unsaturated fatty acids (EFAs) ndi saturated fatty acids. (Singapore Monetary Authority).Ma hydrocarbon ambiri mu CPO ndi triglycerides, glyceride yopangidwa ndi zigawo zitatu za triglyceride acetate ndi gawo limodzi la glycerol36.Ma hydrocarbons awa amatha kukhala amtundu uliwonse chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwa kaboni, kuwapangitsa kukhala otsogola obiriwira akupanga nanocarbon37.Malinga ndi mabuku, CNT37,38,39,40, carbon nanospheres33,41 ndi graphene34,42,43 nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a kanjedza kapena mafuta odyetsedwa.Ma nanocarbons awa ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito kuyambira kupanga magetsi mpaka kuyeretsa madzi kapena kuwononga.
Thermal synthesis monga CVD38 kapena pyrolysis33 wakhala njira yabwino kuwonongeka kwa kanjedza mafuta.Tsoka ilo, kutentha kwakukulu munjirayi kumawonjezera mtengo wopangira.Kupanga zinthu zomwe amakonda 44 kumafuna njira zazitali, zotopetsa komanso njira zoyeretsera.Komabe, kufunikira kolekanitsa thupi ndi kusweka sikungatsutsidwe chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwabwino kwa mafuta a kanjedza opanda pake pa kutentha kwakukulu45.Choncho, kutentha kwakukulu kumafunikabe kuti asinthe mafuta a kanjedza osakhwima kukhala zinthu za carbon.Arc yamadzimadzi imatha kuonedwa ngati njira yabwino kwambiri komanso yatsopano yopangira maginito nanocarbon 46.Njirayi imapereka mphamvu yolunjika kwa otsogolera ndi zothetsera m'mayiko okondwa kwambiri.Kutulutsa kwa arc kumatha kupangitsa kuti ma carbon bond amafuta a kanjedza athyoke.Komabe, masitayilo a ma electrode omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito angafunikire kukwaniritsa zofunikira, zomwe zingachepetse kukula kwa mafakitale, kotero njira yabwino iyenera kupangidwabe.
Monga momwe tikudziwira, kafukufuku wa arc discharge pogwiritsa ntchito ma microwave ngati njira yopangira ma nanocarbons ndi ochepa.Pa nthawi yomweyi, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a kanjedza osakanizidwa ngati kalambulabwalo sikunafufuzidwe mokwanira.Choncho, phunziroli likufuna kufufuza kuthekera kopanga ma nanocarbons a maginito kuchokera ku ma precursors a mafuta a kanjedza yaiwisi pogwiritsa ntchito arc yamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito uvuni wa microwave.Kuchuluka kwa mafuta a kanjedza kuyenera kuwonetsedwa muzinthu zatsopano ndi ntchito.Njira yatsopanoyi yoyenga mafuta a kanjedza ingathandize kulimbikitsa gawo lazachuma komanso kukhala njira ina yopezera ndalama kwa opanga mafuta a kanjedza, makamaka omwe akhudza minda yamafuta a kanjedza ya alimi ang'onoang'ono.Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa alimi ang'onoang'ono a ku Africa omwe adachitidwa ndi Ayompe et al., olima ang'onoang'ono amangopeza ndalama zambiri ngati atakonza okha magulu a zipatso zatsopano ndikugulitsa mafuta a kanjedza osaphika m'malo mowagulitsa kwa ogulitsa, yomwe ndi ntchito yodula komanso yotopetsa47.Nthawi yomweyo, kuwonjezeka kwa kutsekedwa kwa fakitale chifukwa cha COVID-19 kwakhudza mafuta a kanjedza.Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, popeza mabanja ambiri ali ndi mwayi wopeza mauvuni a ma microwave ndipo njira yomwe yaperekedwa mu kafukufukuyu itha kuonedwa kuti ndi yotheka komanso yotsika mtengo, kupanga kwa MNC kumatha kuganiziridwa ngati njira ina m'malo mwaminda yaying'ono yamafuta a kanjedza.Pakadali pano, pamlingo wokulirapo, makampani amatha kuyika ndalama muzinthu zazikulu kuti apange ma TNC akulu.
Kafukufukuyu makamaka amakhudza kaphatikizidwe kachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri monga dielectric sing'anga kwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana.Kafukufuku wambiri wogwiritsa ntchito ma microwave ndi ma nanocarbons akuwonetsa nthawi yovomerezeka ya kaphatikizidwe ya mphindi 30 kapena kupitilira apo33,34.Pofuna kuthandizira lingaliro lopezeka komanso lotheka, kafukufukuyu anali ndi cholinga chopeza ma MNCs okhala ndi nthawi zocheperako.Nthawi yomweyo, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa chithunzi cha ukadaulo wokonzekera ukadaulo 3 pomwe chiphunzitsocho chikutsimikiziridwa ndikugwiritsiridwa ntchito pamlingo wa labotale.Pambuyo pake, ma MNCs omwe adatsatirawo adadziwika ndi mawonekedwe awo, mankhwala, ndi maginito.Methylene buluu ndiye idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa mphamvu yakutsatsa kwa ma MNCs.
Mafuta a kanjedza osakhwima adapezedwa kuchokera ku Apas Balung Mill, Sawit Kinabalu Sdn.Bhd., Tawau, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kalambulabwalo wa kaboni pakuphatikiza.Pankhaniyi, waya wosapanga dzimbiri wokhala ndi mainchesi a 0,90 mm adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sing'anga ya dielectric.Ferrocene (chiyero cha 99%), chochokera ku Sigma-Aldrich, USA, chinasankhidwa kukhala chothandizira pa ntchitoyi.Methylene buluu (Bendosen, 100 g) idagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyesa kutsatsa.
Mu phunziro ili, uvuni wa microwave wapakhomo (Panasonic: SAM-MG23K3513GK) unasinthidwa kukhala choyatsira microwave.Mabowo atatu adapangidwa kumtunda kwa ng'anjo ya microwave polowera ndi kutulutsa mpweya ndi thermocouple.Ma probe a thermocouple anali otetezedwa ndi machubu a ceramic ndikuyikidwa pansi pamikhalidwe yomweyi pakuyesa kulikonse kuteteza ngozi.Panthawiyi, galasi la galasi la borosilicate lomwe lili ndi chivindikiro cha mabowo atatu linagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti likhale ndi zitsanzo ndi trachea.Chithunzi chojambula cha choyatsira ma microwave chikhoza kutchulidwa mu Supplementary Figure 1.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a kanjedza osakanizidwa monga chowongolera mpweya ndi ferrocene monga chothandizira, ma nanocarboni a maginito adapangidwa.Pafupifupi 5% kulemera kwa chothandizira ferrocene anakonzedwa ndi slurry chothandizira njira.Ferrocene adasakanizidwa ndi 20 ml ya mafuta a kanjedza osapsa pa 60 rpm kwa mphindi 30.Chosakanizacho chinasamutsidwa ku alumina crucible, ndipo waya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri wautali 30 cm adakulungidwa ndikuyikidwa molunjika mkati mwa crucible.Ikani zitsulo za alumina mu choyatsira galasi ndikuchitchinjiriza bwino mkati mwa uvuni wa microwave ndi chivindikiro chagalasi chosindikizidwa.Nayitrogeni adawomberedwa m'chipindamo mphindi 5 isanayambe kuchitapo kanthu kuti achotse mpweya wosafunikira m'chipindacho.Mphamvu ya microwave yawonjezedwa mpaka 800W chifukwa iyi ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya microwave yomwe imatha kukhala ndi chiyambi chabwino.Chifukwa chake, izi zitha kupangitsa kuti pakhale malo abwino opangira ma synthetic reaction.Nthawi yomweyo, awa ndiwonso mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ma watts pamachitidwe a microwave fusion48,49.The osakaniza mkangano kwa 10, 15 kapena 20 mphindi pa anachita.Atamaliza zomwe anachita, riyakitala ndi microwave anali utakhazikika mwachibadwa kutentha firiji.Chomaliza mu alumina crucible chinali mpweya wakuda wokhala ndi mawaya a helical.
Madzi akuda adasonkhanitsidwa ndikutsuka kangapo mosinthana ndi ethanol, isopropanol (70%) ndi madzi osungunuka.Pambuyo kutsuka ndi kuyeretsa, mankhwalawa amawumitsidwa usiku wonse pa 80 ° C mu uvuni wamba kuti asungunuke zonyansa zosafunikira.Chogulitsacho chinasonkhanitsidwa kuti chiwonetsedwe.Zitsanzo zolembedwa MNC10, MNC15, ndi MNC20 zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ma nanocarbons a maginito kwa mphindi 10, 15 min, ndi 20 min.
Yang'anani kapangidwe ka MNC ndi makina oonera ma electron maikulosikopu kapena FESEM (model ya Zeiss Auriga) pakukula kwa 100 mpaka 150 kX.Nthawi yomweyo, kapangidwe kazinthuzo kanawunikidwa ndi mphamvu-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Kusanthula kwa EMF kunachitika pamtunda wa 2.8 mm ndi voteji yothamanga ya 1 kV.Malo enieni a pamwamba ndi ma pore a MNC adayesedwa ndi njira ya Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), kuphatikizapo adsorption-desorption isotherm ya N2 pa 77 K. .
Kuwonekera kwa crystallinity ndi gawo la maginito nanocarbons adatsimikiziridwa ndi X-ray powder diffraction kapena XRD (Burker D8 Advance) pa λ = 0.154 nm.Ma diffractograms adalembedwa pakati pa 2θ = 5 ndi 85 ° pamlingo wa 2 ° min-1.Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka mankhwala a MNCs adafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Kusanthula kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Perkin Elmer FTIR-Spectrum 400 yokhala ndi liwiro loyang'ana kuyambira 4000 mpaka 400 cm-1.Pophunzira mawonekedwe a maginito nanocarbons, Raman spectroscopy idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito neodymium-doped laser (532 nm) mu U-RAMAN spectroscopy ndi cholinga cha 100X.
Magnetometer yonjenjemera kapena VSM (Nyanja Shore 7400 mndandanda) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa maginito a iron oxide mu MNCs.Mphamvu yamaginito pafupifupi 8 kOe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mfundo za 200 zidapezedwa.
Pophunzira kuthekera kwa MNCs ngati zotsatsa pakuyesa kwa adsorption, cationic dye methylene blue (MB) idagwiritsidwa ntchito.Ma MNCs (20 mg) adawonjezeredwa ku 20 ml ya njira yamadzimadzi ya methylene buluu yokhala ndi milingo yokhazikika ya 5-20 mg/L50.PH ya yankho idayikidwa pa pH yosalowerera ndale ya 7 mu kafukufukuyu.Yankho lake linagwedezeka mwamakina pa 150 rpm ndi 303.15 K pa shaker yozungulira (Lab Companion: SI-300R).Ma MNC ndiye amalekanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maginito.Gwiritsani ntchito spectrophotometer yowoneka ndi UV (Varian Cary 50 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer) kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa yankho la MB musanayambe kapena pambuyo poyesa kutsatsa, ndikulozera ku methylene blue standard curve pautali wotalikirapo wa 664 nm.Kuyesera kunabwerezedwa katatu ndipo mtengo wapakati unaperekedwa.Kuchotsedwa kwa MG ku yankho kunawerengeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito equation wamba pa kuchuluka kwa MC adsorbed pa equilibrium qe ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchotsa%.
Kuyesera pa adsorption isotherm kunachitikanso ndi kusonkhezera kosiyanasiyana (5-20 mg/l) ya MG njira ndi 20 mg wa adsorbent pa kutentha zonse 293.15 K. mg kwa MNCs onse.
Iron ndi maginito carbon akhala akuphunziridwa kwambiri pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi.Zida zamaginito zochokera ku kaboni izi zikukopa chidwi chowonjezereka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo abwino kwambiri amagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo, makamaka pazida zamagetsi ndi kukonza madzi.Mu kafukufukuyu, ma nanocarbons adapangidwa ndikusweka ma hydrocarbons mumafuta a kanjedza osakhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito microwave.Kuphatikizikako kunkachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 10 mpaka 20 min, pa chiŵerengero chokhazikika (5: 1) cha kalambulabwalo ndi chothandizira, pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zamakono (SS yopotoka) ndi inert pang'ono (mpweya wosafunika wotsukidwa ndi nayitrogeni pa chiyambi cha mayesero).Zotsatira za carbonaceous madipoziti ali mu mawonekedwe a wakuda olimba ufa, monga taonera mu Supplementary Mkuyu. 2a.Kuchuluka kwa carbon zokolola zinali pafupifupi 5.57%, 8.21%, ndi 11.67% panthawi ya kaphatikizidwe ya mphindi 10, mphindi 15, ndi mphindi 20, motsatana.Izi zikusonyeza kuti nthawi yayitali ya kaphatikizidwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri51-zokolola zochepa, makamaka chifukwa cha nthawi yochepa yochitapo kanthu komanso ntchito yochepetsera mphamvu.
Pakalipano, chiwembu cha kutentha kwa kaphatikizidwe ndi nthawi ya nanocarbons yomwe yapezedwa ikhoza kutchulidwa mu Supplementary Figure 2b.Kutentha kwakukulu komwe kunapezedwa kwa MNC10, MNC15 ndi MNC20 kunali 190.9°C, 434.5°C ndi 472°C, motero.Pakhoma lililonse, malo otsetsereka amatha kuwoneka, akuwonetsa kukwera kosalekeza kwa kutentha mkati mwa riyakitala chifukwa cha kutentha komwe kumapangidwa panthawi yachitsulo.Izi zitha kuwoneka pa 0-2 min, 0-5 min, ndi 0-8 min za MNC10, MNC15, ndi MNC20, motsatana.Akafika pamalo enaake, otsetserekawo amapitirizabe kugwedezeka mpaka kutentha kwambiri, ndipo otsetserekawo amakhala ochepa.
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana pamwamba pa zitsanzo za MNC.Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.1, ma nanocarbon maginito amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana pang'ono pa nthawi yosiyana ya kaphatikizidwe.Zithunzi za FESEM MNC10 mumkuyu.1a,b imasonyeza kuti mapangidwe a carbon spheres amakhala ndi ma micro- ndi nanospheres omwe amamangiriridwa ndi omata chifukwa cha kupsyinjika kwakukulu.Nthawi yomweyo, kupezeka kwa mphamvu za van der Waals kumabweretsa kuphatikizika kwa magawo a kaboni52.Kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi ya kaphatikizidwe kunapangitsa kuti tizing'onoting'ono tating'ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha mabwalo chifukwa cha machitidwe othamanga kwambiri.Pa mkuyu.1c ikuwonetsa kuti MNC15 ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira angwiro.Komabe, mabwalo ophatikizidwa amatha kupanga ma mesopores, omwe pambuyo pake amatha kukhala malo abwino a methylene blue adsorption.Pa makulitsidwe mkulu wa 15,000 nthawi mkuyu. 1d zambiri mpweya mabwalo Tingaone agglomerated ndi pafupifupi kukula kwa 20,38 nm.
Zithunzi za FESEM zama nanocarbons opangidwa pambuyo pa 10 min (a, b), 15 min (c, d) ndi 20 min (e–g) pa 7000 ndi 15000 nthawi magnification.
Pa mkuyu.1e-g MNC20 ikuwonetsa kukula kwa ma pores okhala ndi timizere tating'ono pamtunda wa maginito a carbon ndikuphatikizanso ma morphology a maginito activated carbon53.Mabowo a diameter ndi m'lifupi mwake amakhala mwachisawawa pamwamba pa maginito a carbon.Chifukwa chake, izi zitha kufotokozera chifukwa chomwe MNC20 idawonetsa malo okulirapo komanso voliyumu ya pore monga momwe kuwunikira kwa BET, popeza ma pores ochulukirapo amapangidwa pamwamba pake kuposa nthawi zina zopanga.Micrographs anatengedwa pa mkulu makulitsidwe nthawi 15,000 anasonyeza inhomogeneous tinthu kukula kwake ndi osasamba akalumikidzidwa, monga momwe mkuyu. 1g.Pamene nthawi ya kukula idawonjezedwa mpaka mphindi 20, magawo ochulukirapo adapangidwa.
Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti m’dera lomwelo munapezekanso ma flakes opindika a carbon.Magawo awiriwa amasiyana kuchokera ku 5.18 mpaka 96.36 nm.Mapangidwewa angakhale chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa nucleation yosiyana, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi ma microwave.Kukula kwa magawo owerengeka a ma MNC okonzedwa anali pafupifupi 20.38 nm a MNC10, 24.80 nm a MNC15, ndi 31.04 nm a MNC20.Kukula kwa magawo ozungulira kukuwonetsedwa mumkuyu wowonjezera.3.
Chithunzi chowonjezera 4 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a EDS ndi chidule cha zolemba za MNC10, MNC15, ndi MNC20 motsatana.Malinga ndi mawonekedwe, zidadziwika kuti nanocarbon iliyonse ili ndi kuchuluka kosiyana kwa C, O, ndi Fe.Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni osiyanasiyana komanso kusweka komwe kumachitika panthawi yowonjezerapo.Kuchuluka kwa C kumakhulupirira kuti kumachokera ku kalambulabwalo wa kaboni, mafuta a kanjedza.Pakadali pano, otsika kuchuluka kwa O ndi chifukwa cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni pa kaphatikizidwe.Nthawi yomweyo, Fe imatchedwa kuti iron oxide yomwe imayikidwa pamtunda wa nanocarbon pambuyo pakuwola kwa ferrocene.Kuphatikiza apo, Chithunzi Chowonjezera 5a-c chikuwonetsa mapu a zinthu za MNC10, MNC15, ndi MNC20.Kutengera mapu ofunikira, zidawoneka kuti Fe imagawidwa bwino pamtunda wa MNC.
Kusanthula kwa nitrogen adsorption-desorption kumapereka chidziwitso chokhudza momwe ma adsorption amagwirira ntchito komanso kapangidwe kake kazinthu.N2 adsorption isotherms ndi ma graph a MNC BET pamwamba akuwonetsedwa mkuyu.2. Malingana ndi zithunzi za FESEM, khalidwe la adsorption likuyembekezeka kusonyeza kuphatikiza kwa microporous ndi mesoporous structures chifukwa cha aggregation.Komabe, graph mu Mkuyu 2 imasonyeza kuti adsorbent ikufanana ndi mtundu wa IV isotherm ndi mtundu wa H2 hysteresis loop wa IUPAC55.Mtundu uwu wa isotherm nthawi zambiri umakhala wofanana ndi wa zinthu za mesoporous.Makhalidwe adsorption a mesopores nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyanjana kwa adsorption-adsorption reaction ndi mamolekyu a chinthu chofupikitsidwa.S-woboola pakati kapena S-woboola pakati adsorption isotherms nthawi zambiri amayamba ndi single-wosanjikiza-multilayer adsorption kutsatiridwa ndi chodabwitsa mmene mpweya condensation mu madzi gawo pores pa zipsyinjo pansi machulukitsidwe kuthamanga kwa madzi chochuluka, wotchedwa pore condensation 56. Capillary condensation mu pores imachitika pazovuta zapakatikati (p / po) pamwamba pa 0.50.Pakadali pano, mawonekedwe ovuta a pore amawonetsa mtundu wa H2-hysteresis, womwe umapangidwa ndi pore plugging kapena kutayikira mumitumbo yopapatiza.
Zomwe zimapangidwira pamtunda zomwe zimapezedwa kuchokera ku mayesero a BET zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 1. Malo a BET pamtunda ndi kuchuluka kwa pore kunawonjezeka kwambiri ndi nthawi yowonjezera yowonjezera.Makulidwe apakati a pore a MNC10, MNC15, ndi MNC20 ndi 7.2779 nm, 7.6275 nm, ndi 7.8223 nm, motsatana.Malinga ndi malingaliro a IUPAC, ma pores apakatikati awa amatha kugawidwa ngati zida za mesoporous.Mawonekedwe a mesoporous amatha kupanga methylene buluu kukhala wosavuta kulowa komanso wowoneka bwino ndi MNC57.Maximum Synthesis Time (MNC20) adawonetsa malo apamwamba kwambiri, kutsatiridwa ndi MNC15 ndi MNC10.Malo apamwamba a BET amatha kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zotsatsa popeza mawebusayiti ambiri akupezeka.
Ma X-ray diffraction a MNCs opangidwa akuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi 3. Pa kutentha kwambiri, ferrocene imaswekanso ndikupanga iron oxide.Pa mkuyu.3a ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a XRD a MNC10.Ikuwonetsa nsonga ziwiri pa 2θ, 43.0 ° ndi 62.32 °, zomwe zimaperekedwa ku ɣ-Fe2O3 (JCPDS #39-1346).Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Fe3O4 ili ndi nsonga yowonongeka pa 2θ: 35.27 °.Kumbali ina, mu MHC15 diffraction chitsanzo mu Mkuyu 3b amasonyeza nsonga zatsopano, zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha ndi nthawi ya kaphatikizidwe.Ngakhale kuti 2θ: 26.202 ° nsonga ndi yochepa kwambiri, mawonekedwe a diffraction amagwirizana ndi fayilo ya graphite JCPDS (JCPDS #75-1621), kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa makristasi a graphite mkati mwa nanocarbon.Pachimake ichi kulibe mu MNC10, mwina chifukwa cha kutentha kwa arc panthawi ya kaphatikizidwe.Pa 2θ pali nsonga za nthawi zitatu: 30.082 °, 35.502 °, 57.422 ° yokhudzana ndi Fe3O4.Ikuwonetsanso nsonga ziwiri zosonyeza kukhalapo kwa ɣ-Fe2O3 pa 2θ: 43.102 ° ndi 62.632 °.Kwa MNC yopangidwa kwa 20 min (MNC20), monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 3c, mawonekedwe ofanana a diffraction akhoza kuwonedwa mu MNK15.Chiwonetsero chapamwamba pa 26.382 ° chitha kuwonekanso mu MNC20.Mapiri atatu akuthwa omwe awonetsedwa pa 2θ: 30.102 °, 35.612 °, 57.402 ° ndi a Fe3O4.Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalapo kwa ε-Fe2O3 kumawonetsedwa pa 2θ: 42.972 ° ndi 62.61.Kukhalapo kwa zitsulo za iron oxide muzotsatira za MNCs kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakutha kutsatsa buluu wa methylene m'tsogolomu.
Makhalidwe a ma chemical bond mu zitsanzo za MNC ndi CPO adatsimikiziridwa kuchokera ku FTIR reflectance spectra mu Supplementary Figure 6. Poyambirira, nsonga zisanu ndi imodzi zofunika kwambiri za mafuta a kanjedza osakanizidwa zimayimira zigawo zinayi za mankhwala monga momwe tafotokozera mu Supplementary Table 1. Misozi yofunikira yomwe imadziwika mu CPO ndi 2913.81 cm-1, 2840 cm-1 ndi 1463.34 cm-1, zomwe zimatanthawuza CH kutambasula kugwedezeka kwa alkanes ndi magulu ena aliphatic CH2 kapena CH3.Odziwika bwino m'nkhalango ndi 1740.85 cm-1 ndi 1160.83 cm-1.Pachimake pa 1740.85 cm-1 ndi C=O chomangira chotalikitsidwa ndi ester carbonyl ya triglyceride functional gulu.Pakadali pano, nsonga ya 1160.83 cm-1 ndiye chizindikiro cha gulu la CO58.59 ester.Pakadali pano, nsonga ya 813.54 cm-1 ndiye chizindikiro cha gulu la alkane.
Chifukwa chake, nsonga zina zamayamwidwe m'mafuta a kanjedza zinasowa pomwe nthawi ya kaphatikizidwe idakula.Nsonga za 2913.81 cm-1 ndi 2840 cm-1 zitha kuwonedwabe mu MNC10, koma ndizosangalatsa kuti mu MNC15 ndi MNC20 nsonga zake zimasowa chifukwa cha okosijeni.Pakadali pano, kusanthula kwa FTIR kwa ma nanocarboni a maginito kunavumbulutsa nsonga zomwe zangopangidwa kumene zomwe zikuyimira magulu asanu ogwira ntchito a MNC10-20.Nsonga izi zalembedwanso mu Supplementary Table 1. Pamwamba pa 2325.91 cm-1 ndi asymmetric CH kutambasula kwa CH360 aliphatic gulu.Pamwamba pa 1463.34-1443.47 masentimita-1 amasonyeza CH2 ndi CH kupindana kwa magulu a aliphatic monga mafuta a kanjedza, koma nsonga imayamba kuchepa ndi nthawi.Pamwamba pa 813.54-875.35 cm-1 ndi chizindikiro cha gulu lonunkhira la CH-alkane.
Pakadali pano, nsonga za 2101.74 cm-1 ndi 1589.18 cm-1 zimayimira CC 61 zomangira zomwe zimapanga C = C alkyne ndi mphete zonunkhira, motsatana.Pachimake chaching'ono pa 1695.15 cm-1 chikuwonetsa mgwirizano wa C=O wa asidi amafuta aulere kuchokera ku gulu la carbonyl.Amachokera ku CPO carbonyl ndi ferrocene panthawi ya synthesis.Nsonga zomwe zangopangidwa kumene kuchokera pa 539.04 mpaka 588.48 cm-1 ndizogwirizana ndi Fe-O vibrational bond ya ferrocene.Kutengera nsonga zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Figure 4, zitha kuwoneka kuti nthawi yophatikizira imatha kuchepetsa nsonga zingapo ndikugwirizanitsanso ma nanocarbons a maginito.
Kusanthula kowonekera kwa Raman kumwazikana kwa maginito a nanocarboni opezedwa panthawi zosiyanasiyana pophatikizira pogwiritsa ntchito laser yowoneka bwino ya 514 nm ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4. Mawonekedwe onse a MNC10, MNC15 ndi MNC20 amakhala ndi magulu awiri olimba omwe amalumikizidwa ndi kaboni wochepa wa sp3, nthawi zambiri. opezeka mu nanographite crystallites okhala ndi zolakwika mumitundu yogwedezeka yamitundu ya carbon sp262.Pachimake choyamba, chomwe chili m'chigawo cha 1333-1354 cm-1, chikuyimira gulu la D, lomwe silili bwino kwa graphite yabwino ndipo limagwirizana ndi chisokonezo cha structural ndi zonyansa zina63,64.Pachimake chachiwiri chofunikira kwambiri chozungulira 1537-1595 cm-1 chimachokera ku-ndege chomangira chotambasula kapena crystalline ndikuyitanitsa mafomu a graphite.Komabe, chiwongoladzanjacho chinasuntha pafupifupi 10 cm-1 poyerekeza ndi gulu la graphite G, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti MNCs ili ndi dongosolo lotsika la mapepala komanso mawonekedwe olakwika.Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa magulu a D ndi G (ID / IG) amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa chiyero cha ma crystallites ndi zitsanzo za graphite.Malinga ndi kusanthula kwazithunzi za Raman, ma MNC onse anali ndi ma ID/IG amitundu ya 0.98-0.99, kuwonetsa zolakwika zamapangidwe chifukwa cha kusakanizidwa kwa Sp3.Izi zitha kufotokoza kukhalapo kwa nsonga zocheperako za 2θ mu mawonekedwe a XPA: 26.20 ° kwa MNK15 ndi 26.28 ° kwa MNK20, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 4, yomwe imaperekedwa pachimake cha graphite mu fayilo ya JCPDS.Mawerengero a ID / IG MNC omwe amapezeka mu ntchitoyi ali m'magulu ena a maginito a nanocarbons, mwachitsanzo, 0.85-1.03 ya njira ya hydrothermal ndi 0.78-0.9665.66 ya njira ya pyrolytic.Choncho, chiŵerengerochi chikusonyeza kuti njira yopangira panopa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.
Makhalidwe a maginito a MNCs adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito magnetometer yogwedezeka.Zotsatira za hysteresis zikuwonetsedwa mu Fig.5.Monga lamulo, ma MNC amapeza maginito awo kuchokera ku ferrocene panthawi ya kaphatikizidwe.Maginito owonjezerawa atha kukulitsa mphamvu ya ma nanocarbons m'tsogolomu.Monga tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5, zitsanzozo zitha kudziwika ngati zida za superparamagnetic.Malinga ndi Wahajuddin & Arora67, dziko la superparamagnetic ndiloti chitsanzocho chimapangidwa ndi maginito ku saturation magnetization (MS) pamene mphamvu ya maginito yakunja ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.Pambuyo pake, kuyanjana kotsalira kwa maginito sikuwonekeranso mu zitsanzo67.Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti machulukitsidwe maginito amawonjezeka ndi nthawi kaphatikizidwe.Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti MNC15 ili ndi maginito apamwamba kwambiri chifukwa mapangidwe amphamvu a maginito (magnetization) amatha kuyambitsidwa ndi nthawi yokwanira yopangira pamaso pa maginito akunja.Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa Fe3O4, yomwe ili ndi maginito abwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zina zachitsulo monga ɣ-Fe2O.Dongosolo la nthawi yotsatsira pakuchulukira pa unit mass ya MNCs ndi MNC15>MNC10>MNC20.Magawo a maginito omwe adapezeka amaperekedwa patebulo.2.
Mtengo wotsika wa maginito maginito mukamagwiritsa ntchito maginito ochiritsira pakulekanitsa kwa maginito ndi pafupifupi 16.3 emu g-1.Kuthekera kwa ma MNC kuchotsa zonyansa monga utoto m'malo am'madzi komanso kumasuka kwa ma MNCs zakhala zowonjezera zowonjezera ma nanocarbons omwe adapezedwa.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti maginito machulukitsidwe a LSM amaonedwa kuti mkulu.Chifukwa chake, zitsanzo zonse zidafika pamlingo wokwanira maginito olekanitsa maginito.
Posachedwapa, zingwe zachitsulo kapena mawaya zakopa chidwi ngati zothandizira kapena ma dielectric munjira zophatikizira ma microwave.Mayayidwe azitsulo azitsulo amachititsa kutentha kwambiri kapena zochitika mkati mwa riyakitala.Kafukufukuyu akuti waya wachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (wopindika) amathandizira kutulutsa kwa microwave komanso kutentha kwachitsulo.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatchula roughness pansonga, zomwe zimatsogolera kumtengo wapamwamba wa kachulukidwe kapamwamba komanso malo amagetsi akunja.Mlanduwo ukapeza mphamvu zokwanira za kinetic, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timalumpha kuchokera muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale ionize, kutulutsa kutulutsa kapena kutulutsa 68.Kutulutsa kwachitsulo kumathandizira kwambiri pakuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri.Malinga ndi mapu a kutentha mu Supplementary Fig. 2b, kutentha kumakwera mofulumira, kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa malo otentha kwambiri owonjezera kutentha kwapadera kuphatikizapo chodabwitsa chotulutsa mwamphamvu.
Pankhaniyi, kutentha kumawonedwa, chifukwa ma elekitironi omangika ofooka amatha kusuntha ndikuyang'ana pamwamba ndi pa tip69.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chikavulala, gawo lalikulu lachitsulo lomwe lili mu yankho limathandizira kukopa mafunde a eddy pamwamba pa zinthuzo ndikusunga kutentha.Izi zimathandiza bwino kung'amba unyolo wautali wa carbon wa CPO ndi ferrocene ndi ferrocene.Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Supplementary Fig. 2b, kutentha kwanthawi zonse kumasonyeza kuti kutentha kwa yunifolomu kumawonedwa mu yankho.
Njira yopangira mapangidwe a MNCs ikuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Figure 7. Unyolo wautali wa carbon wa CPO ndi ferrocene umayamba kusweka pa kutentha kwakukulu.Mafutawa amaphwanyidwa kuti apange ma hydrocarbon ogawanika omwe amakhala ma precursors a carbon omwe amadziwika kuti ma globules mu chithunzi cha FESEM MNC1070.Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya chilengedwe ndi kupanikizika 71 mumlengalenga.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ferrocene imaswekanso, kupanga chothandizira kuchokera ku maatomu a carbon omwe amaikidwa pa Fe.Rapid nucleation ndiye imachitika ndipo mpweya core oxidize kupanga amorphous ndi graphic carbon wosanjikiza pamwamba pa pachimake.Pamene nthawi ikuwonjezeka, kukula kwa gawolo kumakhala kolondola komanso kofanana.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mphamvu zomwe zilipo za van der Waals zimatsogoleranso kumagulu a magulu52.Pa kuchepetsa Fe ions kuti Fe3O4 ndi ɣ-Fe2O3 (malinga ndi X-ray gawo kusanthula), mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chitsulo okusayidi amapangidwa pamwamba nanocarbons, zomwe zimabweretsa mapangidwe maginito nanocarbons.Mapu a EDS adawonetsa kuti ma atomu a Fe adagawidwa mwamphamvu pamwamba pa MNC, monga zikuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Figures 5a-c.
Kusiyana kwake ndikuti pa nthawi ya kaphatikizidwe ya mphindi 20, kuphatikizika kwa kaboni kumachitika.Zimapanga pores zazikulu pamwamba pa MNCs, kutanthauza kuti MNCs akhoza kuonedwa ngati activated carbon, monga momwe FESEM zithunzi mu Fig. 1e-g.Kusiyanaku kwa ma pore kumatha kukhala kogwirizana ndi kuperekedwa kwa iron oxide kuchokera ku ferrocene.Pa nthawi yomweyi, chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu, pali masikelo opunduka.Magnetic nanocarbons amawonetsa ma morphologies osiyanasiyana munthawi zosiyanasiyana za kaphatikizidwe.Ma nanocarbons amatha kupanga mawonekedwe ozungulira okhala ndi nthawi zazifupi za kaphatikizidwe.Nthawi yomweyo, pores ndi mamba ndizotheka, ngakhale kusiyana kwa nthawi yophatikizika kumakhala mkati mwa mphindi 5 zokha.
Magnetic nanocarbons amatha kuchotsa zowononga m'madzi.Kukhoza kwawo kuchotsedwa mosavuta atagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chinthu chowonjezera chogwiritsira ntchito ma nanocarbons omwe amapezeka mu ntchitoyi monga adsorbents.Pophunzira kutengera kwa maginito a nanocarbons, tidafufuza momwe ma MNCs amatha kusinthira utoto wa methylene blue (MB) pa 30°C popanda kusintha pH.Kafukufuku wambiri watsimikizira kuti machitidwe a carbon absorbents mu kutentha kwa 25-40 ° C sakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pozindikira kuchotsedwa kwa MC.Ngakhale ma pH owopsa amatenga gawo lofunikira, zolipiritsa zimatha kupanga pamwamba pamagulu ogwira ntchito, zomwe zimabweretsa kusokonezeka kwa kuyanjana kwa adsorbate-adsorbent ndipo kumakhudza kutsatsa.Choncho, zomwe zili pamwambazi zidasankhidwa mu kafukufukuyu poganizira zochitika izi komanso kufunika koyeretsa madzi onyansa.
Mu ntchitoyi, kuyesa kwa batch adsorption kunachitika powonjezera 20 mg wa MNCs ku 20 ml ya madzi amadzimadzi a methylene buluu okhala ndi zoyambira zosiyanasiyana (5-20 ppm) panthawi yolumikizana60.Chithunzi chowonjezera cha 8 chikuwonetsa momwe zinthu zilili (5-20 ppm) za methylene blue solutions asanalandire chithandizo ndi MNC10, MNC15, ndi MNC20.Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma MNC osiyanasiyana, mitundu ya mayankho a MB idatsika.Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zidapezeka kuti MNC20 idasinthiratu mayankho a MB mosavuta pagulu la 5 ppm.Pakadali pano, MNC20 idatsitsanso mtundu wa yankho la MB poyerekeza ndi ma MNC ena.Mawonekedwe a UV a MNC10-20 akuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Figure 9. Panthawiyi, chiwerengero chochotsa ndi chidziwitso cha adsorption chikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 9. 6 ndi tebulo 3, motsatira.
Mapiritsi amphamvu amtundu wa methylene amatha kupezeka pa 664 nm ndi 600 nm.Monga lamulo, kuchuluka kwa pachimake kumachepa pang'onopang'ono ndikuchepetsa ndende yoyambira ya MG.Owonjezera mkuyu. 9a amasonyeza UV-zowoneka sipekitiramu wa MB njira zosiyanasiyana woipa pambuyo mankhwala ndi MNC10, amene anangosintha pang'ono kukula kwa nsonga.Kumbali ina, nsonga za kuyamwa kwa mayankho a MB zidachepa kwambiri pambuyo pa chithandizo ndi MNC15 ndi MNC20, monga zikuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Figures 9b ndi c, motsatana.Zosinthazi zimawoneka bwino pamene ndende ya yankho la MG imachepa.Komabe, kusintha kwa spectral komwe kunachitika ndi maginito onse atatu a maginito carbon dioxide kunali kokwanira kuchotsa utoto wa buluu wa methylene.
Malingana ndi Table 3, zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa MC adsorbed ndi chiwerengero cha MC adsorbed chikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3. 6. Kutsatsa kwa MG kunawonjezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zoyamba zapamwamba za MNCs zonse.Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa adsorption kapena kuchuluka kwa MB kuchotsera (MBR) kunawonetsa kusintha kosiyana pamene ndende yoyamba idakula.Pazochepa zoyambira za MC, malo osagwira ntchito amakhalabe pamtunda wa adsorbent.Pamene kuchuluka kwa utoto kukuchulukirachulukira, kuchuluka kwa malo osagwira ntchito omwe amapezeka kuti azitha kutsatsa mamolekyu a utoto kumachepa.Ena atsimikiza kuti pansi pazimenezi machulukitsidwe a malo omwe akugwira ntchito a biosorption akwaniritsidwa72.
Tsoka ilo kwa MNC10, MBR idakula ndikuchepera pambuyo pa 10 ppm ya yankho la MB.Nthawi yomweyo, gawo laling'ono kwambiri la MG ndilotsatsa.Izi zikuwonetsa kuti 10 ppm ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yotsatsira MNC10.Kwa ma MNC onse omwe adaphunziridwa mu ntchitoyi, dongosolo la zotsatsa linali motere: MNC20> MNC15> MNC10, mitengo yapakati inali 10.36 mg/g, 6.85 mg/g ndi 0.71 mg/g, kuchotsedwa kwapakati kwa MG mitengo anali 87, 79%, 62.26% ndi 5.75%.Chifukwa chake, MNC20 idawonetsa mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri adsorption pakati pa ma nanocarbons opangidwa ndi maginito, poganizira kuchuluka kwa ma adsorption ndi mawonekedwe a UV.Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya adsorption ndi yochepa poyerekeza ndi maginito ena a maginito monga MWCNT magnetic composite (11.86 mg / g) ndi halloysite nanotube-magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (18.44 mg / g), phunziroli silikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera.Mankhwala amakhala ngati chothandizira.kupereka njira zopangira zoyera ndi zotheka73,74.
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi ma SBET a MNCs, malo apamwamba kwambiri amapereka malo olimbikira kwambiri pakutsatsa yankho la MB.Ichi chikukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zama nanocarbons opangira.Pa nthawi yomweyi, chifukwa cha kukula kochepa kwa MNCs, nthawi ya kaphatikizidwe ndi yaifupi komanso yovomerezeka, yomwe ikugwirizana ndi makhalidwe akuluakulu a adsorbents olonjeza75.Poyerekeza ndi ma adsorbents achilengedwe, ma MNC opangidwa ndi maginito ndipo amatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta ku yankho pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yakunja ya maginito76.Choncho, nthawi yofunikira pa ndondomeko yonse ya chithandizo imachepetsedwa.
Ma Adsorption isotherms ndi ofunikira kuti mumvetsetse momwe ma adsorption amagwirira ntchito ndikuwonetsa momwe ma adsorbate amagawaniza pakati pa magawo amadzimadzi ndi olimba akafika pakufanana.Langmuir ndi Freundlich equations amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma equation a isotherm, omwe amafotokozera momwe adsorption amachitira, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 7. Chitsanzo cha Langmuir chikuwonetseratu mapangidwe a adsorbate wosanjikiza pamwamba pa kunja kwa adsorbent.Ma Isotherms amafotokozedwa bwino kwambiri ngati malo osakanikirana adsorption.Pa nthawi yomweyo, Freundlich isotherm bwino limati nawo zigawo zingapo adsorbent ndi adsorption mphamvu kukanikiza adsorbate pamwamba inhomogeneous.
Model isotherm ya Langmuir isotherm (a–c) ndi Freundlich isotherm (d–f) ya MNC10, MNC15 ndi MNC20.
Ma adsorption isotherms omwe ali otsika kwambiri a solute nthawi zambiri amakhala linear77.Chifaniziro chamzere cha mtundu wa Langmuir isotherm chikhoza kuwonetsedwa mu equation.1 Dziwani magawo adsorption.
KL (l/mg) ndi Langmuir mosalekeza kuyimira mgwirizano womangirira wa MB ku MNC.Pakadali pano, qmax ndiye kuchuluka kwa adsorption (mg/g), qe ndi kuchuluka kwa adsorbed kwa MC (mg/g), ndipo Ce ndiye kuchuluka kwa yankho la MC.Mafotokozedwe amtundu wa Freundlich isotherm model akhoza kufotokozedwa motere:
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-16-2023