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Mu phunziro ili, njira inapangidwa kuti iwonetsere panthawi imodzi ya phenol yosasinthika, cyanides, anionic surfactants ndi ammonia nitrogen m'madzi akumwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina oyendera madzi.Zitsanzozo zidayikidwa koyamba pa 145 ° C.The phenol mu distillate ndiye amachitira ndi zofunika ferricyanide ndi 4-aminoantipyrine kupanga red complex, amene amayezedwa colorimetrically pa 505 nm.Cyanide mu distillate kenako amakumana ndi chloramine T kupanga cyanochloride, amene kenako amapanga blue complex ndi pyridinecarboxylic acid, amene kuyezedwa colorimetrically pa 630 nm.Anionic surfactants amachita ndi Basic methylene blue kupanga pawiri yomwe imatengedwa ndi chloroform ndikutsukidwa ndi acidic methylene blue kuchotsa zinthu zosokoneza.Mitundu ya buluu mu chloroform idatsimikiziridwa colorimetrically pa 660 nm.M'malo amchere okhala ndi kutalika kwa 660 nm, ammonia imakhudzidwa ndi salicylate ndi chlorine mu dichloroisocyanuric acid kupanga indophenol blue pa 37 °C.Pa kuchuluka kwa ma phenol ndi ma cyanides omwe ali mumtundu wa 2-100 µg/l, zopatuka zapagulu zinali 0.75-6.10% ndi 0.36-5.41%, motsatana, ndipo kuchira kunali 96.2-103.6% ndi 96.0-102.4% .%.Linear coefficient ≥ 0.9999, malire ozindikira 1.2 µg/L ndi 0.9 µg/L.Zopotoka zofananirako zinali 0.27–4.86% ndi 0.33–5.39%, ndipo kuchira kunali 93.7–107.0% ndi 94.4–101.7%.Pa kuchuluka kwa anionic surfactants ndi ammonia nitrogen 10 ~ 1000 μg / l.Ma coefficients olumikizana ndi mzere anali 0.9995 ndi 0.9999, malire ozindikira anali 10.7 µg/l ndi 7.3 µg/l, motsatana.Panalibe kusiyana kowerengera poyerekeza ndi njira yadziko lonse.Njirayi imapulumutsa nthawi ndi khama, ili ndi malire otsika ozindikira, olondola kwambiri komanso olondola, osadetsedwa pang'ono, ndipo ndi oyenera kusanthula ndi kutsimikiza kwa zitsanzo zazikulu.
Ma phenol osakhazikika, ma cyanides, anionic surfactants ndi ammonium nitrogen1 ndi zolembera za organoleptic, thupi ndi metalloid m'madzi akumwa.Phenolic mankhwala ndi midadada yomangira mankhwala ambiri ntchito, koma phenol ndi homologues ake alinso poizoni ndi zovuta biodegrade.Amatulutsidwa m'mafakitale ambiri ndipo akhala owononga chilengedwe2,3.Zinthu zoopsa kwambiri za phenolic zimatha kulowa m'thupi kudzera pakhungu ndi ziwalo zopuma.Ambiri a iwo amataya kawopsedwe awo pa detoxification ndondomeko atalowa thupi la munthu, ndiyeno excreted mu mkodzo.Komabe, pamene mphamvu yachibadwa ya thupi la detoxification yadutsa, zigawo zowonjezereka zimatha kudziunjikira mu ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndi minofu, zomwe zimatsogolera ku poizoni aakulu, mutu, zidzolo, kuyabwa pakhungu, nkhawa ya m'maganizo, kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi, ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za ubongo 4, 5, 6,7.Cyanide ndi yovulaza kwambiri, koma yofala mwachilengedwe.Zakudya zambiri ndi zomera zimakhala ndi cyanide, yomwe imatha kupangidwa ndi mabakiteriya, bowa kapena algae8,9.Muzinthu zotsuka monga ma shampoos ndi zotsuka thupi, ma anionic surfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuyeretsa chifukwa amapereka mankhwalawa ndi lather wapamwamba kwambiri komanso thovu lomwe ogula amafuna.Komabe, ma surfactants ambiri amatha kukwiyitsa khungu10,11.Madzi akumwa, madzi apansi, madzi apamtunda ndi madzi oipa ali ndi nayitrogeni mu mawonekedwe a ammonia waulere (NH3) ndi ammonium salt (NH4+), wotchedwa ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N).Zinthu zowola za organic zomwe zimakhala ndi nayitrogeni m'madzi onyansa a m'nyumba ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timachokera kumadzi otayidwa m'mafakitale monga coking ndi synthetic ammonia, omwe amapanga gawo la ammoniacal nitrogen m'madzi12,13,14.Njira zambiri, kuphatikizapo spectrophotometry15,16,17, chromatography18,19,20,21 ndi jekeseni wothamanga15,22,23,24 angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa zowonongeka zinayizi m'madzi.Poyerekeza ndi njira zina, spectrophotometry ndiyo yotchuka kwambiri1.Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito ma module anayi anjira ziwiri nthawi imodzi kuyesa ma phenol osakhazikika, ma cyanides, ma anionic surfactants, ndi ma sulfide.
AA500 continuous flow analyzer (SEAL, Germany), SL252 electronic balance (Shanghai Mingqiao Electronic Instrument Factory, China), ndi Milli-Q ultrapure water meter (Merck Millipore, USA) anagwiritsidwa ntchito.Mankhwala onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchitoyi anali a analytical grade, ndipo madzi opangidwa ndi deionized anagwiritsidwa ntchito pazoyesera zonse.Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, chloroform, ethanol, sodium tetraborate, isonicotinic acid ndi 4-aminoantipyrine adagulidwa ku Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).Triton X-100, sodium hydroxide ndi potaziyamu chloride adagulidwa ku Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (China).Potaziyamu ferricyanide, sodium nitroprusside, sodium salicylate ndi N, N-dimethylformamide anaperekedwa ndi Tianjin Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).Potaziyamu dihydrogen mankwala, disodium hydrogen mankwala, pyrazolone ndi methylene blue trihydrate anagulidwa ku Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).Trisodium citrate dihydrate, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether ndi sodium dichloroisocyanurate adagulidwa ku Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (China).Mayankho okhazikika a phenol osakhazikika, ma cyanides, ma anionic surfactants, ndi ammonia nitrogen amadzimadzi adagulidwa ku China Institute of Metrology.
Distillation Reagent: Sungunulani 160 ml ya asidi phosphoric mpaka 1000 ml ndi madzi opangidwa ndi deionized.Zosungirako zosungirako: Yezerani 9 g wa boric acid, 5 g wa sodium hydroxide ndi 10 g wa potaziyamu chloride ndikuchepetsa mpaka 1000 ml ndi madzi opanda madzi.Absorption Reagent (yosinthidwa mlungu uliwonse): Yesani molondola 200 ml ya stock buffer, onjezerani 1 ml 50% Triton X-100 (v/v, Triton X-100/ethanol) ndipo gwiritsani ntchito mutatha kusefa kudzera pa nembanemba ya 0.45 µm.Potaziyamu ferricyanide (yokonzedwanso mlungu uliwonse): Yezerani 0.15 g wa potaziyamu ferricyanide ndikusungunula mu 200 ml ya nkhokwe yosungira, onjezani 1 ml ya 50% Triton X-100, sefa kudzera pa nembanemba ya 0.45 µm musanagwiritse ntchito.4-Aminoantipyrine (yosinthidwa mlungu uliwonse): Yezani kulemera kwa 0.2 g wa 4-aminoantipyrine ndikusungunula mu 200 ml ya stock buffer, onjezani 1 ml ya 50% Triton X-100, sefa kudzera pa nembanemba ya 0.45 µm.
Reagent ya distillation: osakhazikika phenol.Yankho la bafa: Yezerani 3 g potaziyamu dihydrogen phosphate, 15 g disodium hydrogen phosphate ndi 3 g trisodium citrate dihydrate ndi kusungunula 1000 ml ndi madzi opanda madzi.Kenako onjezerani 2 ml ya 50% Triton X-100.Chloramine T: Yezerani 0,2 g wa chloramine T ndi kusungunula mpaka 200 ml ndi madzi a deionized.Chromogenic reagent: Chromogenic reagent A: Sungunulani kwathunthu 1.5 g ya pyrazolone mu 20 ml ya N,N-dimethylformamide.Wopanga B: Sungunulani 3.5 g wa hisonicotinic acid ndi 6 ml ya 5 M NaOH mu 100 ml ya madzi opangidwa ndi deionized.Sakanizani Wopanga A ndi Wopanga B musanagwiritse ntchito, sinthani pH kukhala 7.0 ndi yankho la NaOH kapena HCl yankho, kenako tsitsani mpaka 200 ml ndi madzi opangidwa ndi deionized ndi fyuluta kuti mugwiritse ntchito mtsogolo.
Sungunulani 10 g sodium tetraborate ndi 2 g sodium hydroxide m'madzi opanda madzi ndikuchepetsa mpaka 1000 ml.0.025% methylene blue solution: Sungunulani 0.05 g ya methylene blue trihydrate m'madzi opangidwa ndi deionized ndikupanga 200 ml.Methylene blue stock buffer (yokonzedwanso tsiku ndi tsiku): chepetsani 20 ml ya 0.025% methylene blue solution ku 100 ml ndi buffer stock.Tumizani ku phazi lolekanitsa, sambani ndi 20 ml ya chloroform, tayani chloroform yomwe mwagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikusamba ndi chloroform yatsopano mpaka mtundu wofiira wa chloroform wosanjikiza utatha (nthawi zambiri katatu), kenako sefa.Basic Methylene Blue: Sungunulani 60 ml yosefedwa ya methylene blue stock solution ku 200 ml ya stock solution, onjezerani 20 ml ethanol, sakanizani bwino ndi degas.Acid methylene blue: Onjezani 2 ml ya 0.025% ya methylene blue solution pafupifupi 150 ml ya madzi a deionized, onjezerani 1.0 ml ya 1% H2SO4 ndiyeno chepetsani mpaka 200 ml ndi madzi a deionized.Kenaka yikani 80 ml ya ethanol, sakanizani bwino ndi degas.
20% ya polyoxyethylene lauryl ether solution: Yezani 20 g ya polyoxyethylene lauryl ether ndikuchepetsa mpaka 1000 ml ndi madzi opanda madzi.Chotchinga: Yezerani 20 g wa trisodium citrate, tsitsani mpaka 500 ml ndi madzi oyeretsedwa ndikuwonjezera 1.0 ml ya 20% polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.Sodium salicylate solution (yosinthidwa mlungu uliwonse): Yezerani 20 g ya sodium salicylate ndi 0.5 g ya potaziyamu ferricyanide nitrite ndi kusungunula mu 500 ml ya madzi opanda ioni.Sodium dichloroisocyanurate solution (yosinthidwa mlungu uliwonse): Yezerani 10 g ya sodium hydroxide ndi 1.5 g ya sodium dichloroisocyanrate ndikusungunula mu 500 ml ya madzi opanda madzi.
Miyezo yosasinthika ya phenol ndi cyanide yokonzedwa ngati njira zothetsera 0 µg/l, 2 µg/l, 5 µg/l, 10 µg/l, 25 µg/l, 50 µg/l, 75 µg/l ndi 100 µg/l, pogwiritsa ntchito 0.01 M sodium hydroxide solution.Anionic surfactant ndi ammonia nitrogen muyezo anakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito madzi deionized 0 µg/L, 10 µg/L, 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, 250 µg/L, 500 µg/L, 750 µg00 mc/l ndi 1g/L .yankho.
Yambitsani thanki yozizira yozungulira, kenako (mu dongosolo) yatsani kompyuta, sampler ndi mphamvu kwa wolandila AA500, fufuzani kuti mapaipi alumikizidwa bwino, ikani payipi ya mpweya mu valavu ya mpweya, kutseka mbale yokakamiza ya pampu ya peristaltic, kuika reagent mipope mu madzi oyera pakati.Yambitsani pulogalamuyo, yambitsani zenera lofananira ndikuwona ngati mapaipi olumikizira ali olumikizidwa bwino komanso ngati pali mipata kapena kutulutsa mpweya.Ngati palibe kutayikira, aspirate yoyenera reagent.Pambuyo poyambira pazenera la tchanelo kukhala chokhazikika, sankhani ndikuyendetsa fayilo yomwe mwasankha kuti muipeze ndikusanthula.Makhalidwe a zida akuwonetsedwa mu Table 1.
Mu njira yokhayo yodziwira phenol ndi cyanide, zitsanzo zimayikidwa koyamba pa 145 ° C.The phenol mu distillate ndiye amachitira ndi zofunika ferricyanide ndi 4-aminoantipyrine kupanga red complex, amene amayezedwa colorimetrically pa 505 nm.Cyanide mu distillate kenako amakumana ndi chloramine T kupanga cyanochloride, yomwe imapanga blue complex ndi pyridinecarboxylic acid, yomwe imayesedwa colorimetrically pa 630 nm.Ma anionic surfactants amachita ndi methylene buluu wofunikira kupanga zinthu zomwe zimachotsedwa ndi chloroform ndikulekanitsidwa ndi cholekanitsa gawo.Gawo la chloroform lidatsukidwa ndi acidic methylene buluu kuti lichotse zinthu zosokoneza ndikulekanitsanso gawo lachiwiri lolekanitsa.Kutsimikiza kwamtundu wamitundu yabuluu mu chloroform pa 660 nm.Kutengera ndi Berthelot anachita, ammonia amakumana ndi salicylate ndi chlorine mu dichloroisocyanuric acid mu alkaline sing'anga pa 37 °C kupanga indophenol buluu.Sodium nitroprusside idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira pakuchita, ndipo mtundu wotsatirawo udayezedwa pa 660 nm.Mfundo ya njirayi ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1.
Chithunzi chojambula cha njira yotsatirira yosalekeza yodziwira ma phenol osakhazikika, ma cyanides, ma anionic surfactants ndi ammoniacal nitrogen.
Kuchuluka kwa ma phenol ndi ma cyanides omwe amatha kusuntha kuchokera ku 2 mpaka 100 µg/l, mzere wolumikizana ndi mzere 1.000, regression equation y = (3.888331E + 005) x + (9.938599E + 003).Coefficient ya cyanide ndi 1.000 ndipo regression equation ndi y = (3.551656E + 005) x + (9.951319E + 003).Anionic surfactant ali ndi mzere wabwino wodalira kuchuluka kwa ammonia nitrogen mu 10-1000 µg/L.Ma coefficients olumikizana a anionic surfactants ndi ammonia nitrogen anali 0.9995 ndi 0.9999, motsatana.Mayeso obwerera: y = (2.181170E + 004) x + (1.144847E + 004) ndi y = (2.375085E + 004) x + (9.631056E + 003), motsatira.Chitsanzo chowongolera chinayesedwa mosalekeza nthawi za 11, ndipo malire a kudziwika kwa njirayo adagawidwa ndi 3 zopatuka zachitsanzo chowongolera pamayendedwe otsetsereka.Malire odziwika a phenol osakhazikika, ma cyanides, anionic surfactants, ndi ammonia nitrogen anali 1.2 µg/l, 0.9 µg/l, 10.7 µg/l, ndi 7.3 µg/l, motsatana.Malire odziwikiratu ndi otsika kuposa njira yanthawi zonse, onani Table 2 kuti mumve zambiri.
Onjezani mayankho apamwamba, apakati, ndi otsika pamiyeso yamadzi yopanda zowunikira.Intraday ndi interday kuchira ndi kulondola kunawerengedwa pambuyo pa miyeso isanu ndi iwiri yotsatizana.Monga taonera mu Table 3, intraday ndi intraday kosakhazikika phenol m'zigawo anali 98.0-103.6% ndi 96.2-102.0%, motero, ndi wachibale zopatuka muyezo wa 0.75-2.80% ndi 1. 27-6.10%.The intraday ndi interday cyanide kuchira anali 101.0-102.0% ndi 96.0-102.4%, motero, ndi wachibale muyezo kupatuka anali 0.36-2.26% ndi 2.36-5.41%, motero.Kuphatikiza apo, ma intraday ndi interday anionic surfactants anali 94.3-107.0% ndi 93.7-101.6%, motsatana, ndi zopatuka za 0.27-0.96% ndi 4.44-4.86%.Potsirizira pake, kuchira kwa ammonia nitrogen kwa intra-day ndi pakati pa tsiku kunali 98.0-101.7% ndi 94.4-97.8%, motero, ndi zosiyana zapakati pa 0.33-3.13% ndi 4.45-5.39%, motsatira.monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 3.
Njira zingapo zoyesera, kuphatikiza spectrophotometry15,16,17 ndi chromatography25,26, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza zinayi zoipitsa m'madzi.Chemical spectrophotometry ndi njira yofufuzidwa kumene yodziwira zoipitsa izi, zomwe zimafunikira ndi miyezo ya dziko 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Imafunika masitepe monga distillation ndi m'zigawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale nthawi yayitali yopanda chidwi komanso yolondola.Zabwino, zolakwika zolakwika.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala kwa mankhwala a organic kungayambitse ngozi kwa oyesera.Ngakhale kuti chromatography ndi yachangu, yosavuta, yothandiza, komanso ili ndi malire ozindikira, siingathe kuzindikira zinthu zinayi panthawi imodzi.Komabe, zinthu zosagwirizana ndi mphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito spectrophotometry yosalekeza, yomwe imachokera pakuyenda kosalekeza kwa mpweya mu nthawi yothamanga ya yankho lachitsanzo, kuwonjezera ma reagents muzovomerezeka ndi zotsatizana pamene akumaliza zomwe zimachitika kudzera muzitsulo zosakanikirana. ndikuzizindikira mu spectrophotometer, kuchotsa thovu la mpweya m'mbuyomu.Chifukwa njira yotulukira ndi yodzichitira yokha, zitsanzo zimatsitsidwa ndikubwezedwa pa intaneti pamalo otsekedwa.Njirayi imathandizira kwambiri magwiridwe antchito, imachepetsanso nthawi yodziwikiratu, imathandizira magwiridwe antchito, imachepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa reagent, imawonjezera chidwi komanso malire a njirayo.
Anionic surfactant ndi ammonia nitrogen anaphatikizidwa muzoyesera zophatikizana pamlingo wa 250 µg/L.Gwiritsani ntchito chinthu chokhazikika kuti musinthe phenol ndi cyanide kukhala chinthu choyesera pamlingo wa 10 µg/L.Kusanthula ndi kuzindikira, njira yadziko lonse ndi njira iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito (6 parallel experiments).Zotsatira za njira ziwirizi zinafaniziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito t-test yodziimira.Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 4, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira ziwirizi (P> 0.05).
Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito kachipangizo kopitilira muyeso kuti afufuze munthawi yomweyo ndikupeza ma phenol osakhazikika, ma cyanides, ma anionic surfactants ndi ammonia nitrogen.Zotsatira zoyesa zikuwonetsa kuti voliyumu yachitsanzo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osanthula mosalekeza ndi otsika kuposa njira yadziko lonse.Ilinso ndi malire odziwikiratu, imagwiritsa ntchito 80% ma reagents ochepa, imafuna nthawi yocheperako yopangira zitsanzo, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito carcinogenic chloroform yochepa kwambiri.Kukonza kwapaintaneti kumaphatikizidwa komanso kumangochitika zokha.Kuyenda kosalekeza kumangofuna ma reagents ndi zitsanzo, kenako kumasakanikirana kudzera mugawo losakanikirana, kumangotentha, kutulutsa ndikuwerengera ndi colorimetry.Njira yoyeserayi imachitika mu dongosolo lotsekedwa, lomwe limafulumizitsa nthawi yowunikira, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ndikuthandizira kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha oyesera.Njira zovuta zogwirira ntchito monga distillation pamanja ndi kuchotsa sizofunikira22,32.Komabe, mapaipi a zida ndi zowonjezera zimakhala zovuta, ndipo zotsatira zoyesa zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zingayambitse kusakhazikika kwadongosolo.Pali njira zingapo zofunika zomwe mungatenge kuti muwongolere zotsatila zanu ndikupewa kusokonezedwa ndi kuyesa kwanu.(1) Phindu la pH la yankho liyenera kuganiziridwa pozindikira ma phenols ndi ma cyanides osakhazikika.PH iyenera kukhala yozungulira 2 isanalowe mu koyilo ya distillation.Pa pH> 3, ma amine onunkhira amathanso kusungunuka, ndipo zomwe zimachitika ndi 4-aminoantipyrine zimatha kupereka zolakwika.Komanso pa pH> 2.5, kuchira kwa K3[Fe(CN)6] kudzakhala kosakwana 90%.Zitsanzo zokhala ndi mchere woposa 10 g/l zimatha kutsekereza koyilo ya distillation ndikuyambitsa mavuto.Pachifukwa ichi, madzi atsopano ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti achepetse mchere wa chitsanzo33.(2) Zinthu zotsatirazi zingakhudze chizindikiritso cha anionic surfactants: Mankhwala a cationic amatha kupanga ma ion awiri amphamvu ndi anionic surfactants.Zotsatira zithanso kukhala zokondera pamaso pa: kuchuluka kwa humic acid kuposa 20 mg/l;mankhwala okhala ndi zochitika zapamwamba (mwachitsanzo, zowonjezera zina)> 50 mg/l;zinthu zamphamvu kuchepetsa mphamvu (SO32-, S2O32- ndi OCl-);zinthu zomwe zimapanga mamolekyu achikuda, osungunuka mu chloroform ndi reagent iliyonse;ma anions ena osakhazikika (kloridi, bromide ndi nitrate) m'madzi onyansa34,35.(3) Powerengera ammonia nayitrogeni, ma amines otsika kwambiri a molekyulu ayenera kuganiziridwa, popeza momwe amachitira ndi ammonia ndi ofanana, ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala zapamwamba.Kusokoneza kungachitike ngati pH ya zimene osakaniza ndi pansipa 12.6 pambuyo onse reagent njira zawonjezedwa.Zitsanzo za acidic kwambiri komanso zotsekemera zimatha kuyambitsa izi.Ma ion zitsulo omwe amawotcha ngati ma hydroxides pamlingo wokwera amathanso kupangitsa kuti pakhale kusabereka bwino36,37.
Zotsatirazo zinawonetsa kuti njira yowunikira mosalekeza yowunikira nthawi imodzi ya phenol yosakhazikika, ma cyanides, anionic surfactants ndi ammonia nitrogen m'madzi akumwa ali ndi mzere wabwino, malire ozindikira otsika, kulondola kwabwino komanso kuchira.Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu ndi njira yadziko lonse.Njirayi imapereka njira yofulumira, yowonongeka, yolondola komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kufufuza ndi kutsimikiza kwa zitsanzo zambiri za madzi.Ndikoyenera makamaka kuzindikira zigawo zinayi panthawi imodzi, ndipo kudziwika bwino kumakhala bwino kwambiri.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-22-2023