Mosasamala kanthu za momwe zitsulo zosaphika zimapangidwira mu chubu kapena chitoliro, kupanga mapangidwe kumasiya zinthu zambiri zotsalira pamwamba.Kupanga ndi kuwotcherera pa mphero, kujambula patebulo lojambulira, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito piler kapena extruder yotsatiridwa ndi njira yodulira mpaka kutalika kungayambitse chitoliro kapena pamwamba pa chitoliro kuti chikutidwe ndi mafuta ndipo chikhoza kutsekedwa ndi zinyalala.Zowonongeka zomwe zimafunika kuchotsedwa mkati ndi kunja zimaphatikizapo mafuta opangira mafuta ndi madzi kuchokera ku zojambula ndi kudula, zinyalala zachitsulo kuchokera ku ntchito zodula, ndi fumbi la fakitale ndi zinyalala.
Njira zoyeretsera mipope ya m'nyumba ndi mpweya, kaya ndi njira zamadzimadzi kapena zosungunulira, ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa panja.Izi zikuphatikizapo flushing, plugging ndi ultrasonic cavitation.Njira zonsezi ndi zothandiza ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.
Zoonadi, njira iliyonse ili ndi malire, ndipo njira zoyeretserazi ndizofanana.Kuwotcha kumafunika kuchulukirachulukira ndipo kumatha mphamvu yake pamene kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi kumachepa pamene madziwo akuyandikira papaipi (onani chithunzi 1).Kulongedza kumagwira ntchito bwino, koma kumakhala kovutirapo komanso kosatheka kwa ma diameter ang'onoang'ono monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pachipatala (machubu a subcutaneous kapena luminal).Akupanga mphamvu ndi yothandiza poyeretsa kunja, koma sungathe kulowa m'malo olimba ndipo zimakhala zovuta kufika mkati mwa chitoliro, makamaka pamene mankhwalawa akumangidwa.Choyipa china ndikuti mphamvu ya akupanga imatha kuwononga pamwamba.Phokoso la phokoso limatsukidwa ndi cavitation, kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri pafupi ndi pamwamba.
Njira ina yochitira izi ndi vacuum cyclic nucleation (VCN), yomwe imapangitsa kuti thovu la gasi likule ndikugwa ndikusuntha madzi.Mwachikhazikitso, mosiyana ndi akupanga njira, sizimayika pachiwopsezo chowononga zitsulo.
VCN imagwiritsa ntchito thovu la mpweya kugwedeza ndi kuchotsa madzi mkati mwa chitoliro.Iyi ndi njira yomiza yomwe imagwira ntchito mu vacuum ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi madzi amadzimadzi komanso osungunulira.
Zimagwira ntchito mofanana ndi mmene thovu limapangidwira madzi akayamba kuwira mumphika.The thovu loyamba kupanga malo ena, makamaka bwino ntchito miphika.Kuyang'anitsitsa maderawa nthawi zambiri kumawonetsa zovuta kapena zolakwika zina m'maderawa.Ndi m'madera awa kuti pamwamba pa poto ndi kwambiri kukhudzana ndi kupatsidwa buku la madzi.Kuphatikiza apo, popeza maderawa sakhala ndi kuziziritsa kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe, ma thovu a mpweya amatha kupanga mosavuta.
Potentha kutentha kutentha, kutentha kumasamutsidwa ku madzi kuti akweze kutentha kwake mpaka kuwira.Pamene kutentha kwafika, kutentha kumasiya kukwera;kuwonjezera kutentha kumabweretsa nthunzi, poyamba mu mawonekedwe a nthunzi thovu.Ukatenthedwa msanga, madzi onse padziko lapansi amasanduka nthunzi, womwe umadziwika kuti kuwira kwa filimu.
Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mukabweretsa mphika wa madzi ku chithupsa: choyamba, mphutsi za mpweya zimapanga malo ena pamwamba pa mphika, ndiyeno pamene madzi akugwedezeka ndikugwedezeka, madzi amatuluka mofulumira kuchokera pamwamba.Pafupi ndi pamwamba pali nthunzi wosaoneka;nthunziwo ukazizira kuti usakhudzidwe ndi mpweya wozungulira, umasungunuka kukhala nthunzi wamadzi, womwe umawonekera bwino pamene ukupanga pamwamba pa mphikawo.
Aliyense akudziwa kuti izi zidzachitika pa madigiri 212 Fahrenheit (100 digiri Celsius), koma si zokhazo.Izi zimachitika pa kutentha kumeneku komanso kuthamanga kwa mumlengalenga komwe kuli mapaundi 14.7 pa sikweya inchi (PSI [bar 1]).Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pa tsiku lomwe kuthamanga kwa mpweya pamtunda wa nyanja ndi 14.7 psi, malo otentha a madzi panyanja ndi madigiri 212 Fahrenheit;tsiku lomwelo m'mapiri a 5,000 mapazi m'dera lino, mphamvu ya mumlengalenga ndi 12.2 mapaundi pa inchi imodzi, kumene madzi angakhale ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 203 Fahrenheit.
M'malo mokweza kutentha kwa madzi mpaka kuwira, ndondomeko ya VCN imachepetsa kupanikizika m'chipinda mpaka kumalo otentha amadzimadzi pamtunda wozungulira.Mofanana ndi kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kutentha, kupanikizika kukafika pamtunda, kutentha ndi kupanikizika kumakhalabe kosasintha.Kuthamanga kumeneku kumatchedwa vapor pressure.Pamene mkatikati mwa chubu kapena chitoliro chadzazidwa ndi nthunzi, kunja kumabweretsanso nthunzi yofunikira kuti mukhale ndi mphamvu ya nthunzi m'chipinda.
Ngakhale kutentha kutentha kutentha kumapereka chitsanzo cha VCN, ndondomeko ya VCN imagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi kuwira.
Kusankha kuyeretsa ndondomeko.Kupanga ma Bubble ndi njira yosankha yomwe ikufuna kuchotsa madera ena.Kuchotsa mpweya wonse kumachepetsa kuthamanga kwa mumlengalenga kufika ku 0 psi, komwe ndi kuthamanga kwa nthunzi, kumapangitsa kuti nthunzi ipangidwe pamwamba.Kukula kwa thovu la mpweya kumachotsa madzi kuchokera pamwamba pa chubu kapena nozzle.Vacuum ikatulutsidwa, chipindacho chimabwerera ku mphamvu ya mumlengalenga ndikutsukidwa, madzi atsopano omwe amadzaza chubu kuti ayendenso.Kuzungulira kwa vacuum/pressure nthawi zambiri kumakhala masekondi 1 mpaka 3 ndipo kumatha kukhazikitsidwa kumagulu angapo malinga ndi kukula ndi kuipitsidwa kwa chogwiriracho.
Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti umatsuka pamwamba pa chitoliro kuyambira pamalo oipitsidwa.Pamene nthunzi ikukula, madziwo amakankhidwira pamwamba pa chubu ndi kuthamanga, kupanga phokoso lamphamvu pamakoma a chubu.Chisangalalo chachikulu chimachitika pamakoma, pomwe nthunzi imamera.Kwenikweni, njirayi imaphwanya malire, kusunga madziwo pafupi ndi mankhwala apamwamba.Pa mkuyu.2 ikuwonetsa njira ziwiri zogwiritsira ntchito njira yamadzimadzi ya 0.1%.
Kuti nthunzi ipangike, thovuli liyenera kupangika pamalo olimba.Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuyeretsa kumachoka pamwamba kupita kumadzimadzi.Chofunikanso kwambiri, kuphulika kwa nyukiliya kumayambira ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timalumikizana pamwamba, kenako ndikupanga tinthuvu tokhazikika.Chifukwa chake, nucleation imakonda madera okhala ndi malo okwera kuposa kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi, monga mapaipi ndi mapaipi mkati mwake.
Chifukwa cha kupindika kopindika kwa chitoliro, nthunzi imatha kupanga mkati mwa chitolirocho.Chifukwa ming'oma ya mpweya imapangika mosavuta mkati mwake, nthunzi imapangika pamenepo ndipo mwachangu kwambiri kuti ichotse 70% mpaka 80% yamadzimadzi.Madzi pamtunda pachimake cha vacuum gawo ndi pafupifupi 100% nthunzi, zomwe zimatsanzira filimu yowira mu kutentha kutentha kutengerapo.
Dongosolo la nucleation limagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zowongoka, zopindika kapena zopotoka pafupifupi kutalika kulikonse kapena kasinthidwe.
Pezani ndalama zobisika.Njira zamadzi zogwiritsira ntchito ma VCN zimatha kuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama.Chifukwa ndondomekoyi imakhalabe ndi mankhwala ambiri chifukwa cha kusakaniza kwamphamvu pafupi ndi chubu (onani Chithunzi 1), kuchuluka kwa mankhwala sikofunikira kuti athetse kufalikira kwa mankhwala.Kukonza ndi kuyeretsa mwachangu kumapangitsanso kuti makina azigwira bwino ntchito, motero amawonjezera mtengo wa zida.
Pomaliza, njira zonse za VCN zotengera madzi komanso zosungunulira zimatha kuwonjezera zokolola kudzera mu kuyanika kwa vacuum.Izi sizikusowa zida zowonjezera, ndi gawo chabe la ndondomekoyi.
Chifukwa cha mapangidwe a chipinda chotsekedwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, dongosolo la VCN likhoza kukhazikitsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Njira yochotsera vacuum cycle nucleation imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa ma tubular amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso magwiridwe antchito, monga zida zamankhwala zokhala ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono (kumanzere) ndi mafunde akulu akulu (kumanja).
Kwa machitidwe osungunulira, njira zina zoyeretsera monga nthunzi ndi kupopera zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera pa VCN.Muzinthu zina zapadera, makina a ultrasound akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuti apititse patsogolo VCN.Pogwiritsira ntchito zosungunulira, ndondomeko ya VCN imathandizidwa ndi ndondomeko ya vacuum-to-vacuum (kapena yopanda mpweya), yomwe inayamba kukhala yovomerezeka mu 1991. Njirayi imalepheretsa kutulutsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira ku 97% kapena kuposa.Njirayi yazindikirika ndi Environmental Protection Agency ndi California District of South Coast Air Quality Management chifukwa chothandiza kuchepetsa kuwonekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.
Makina osungunulira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma VCN ndi okwera mtengo chifukwa makina aliwonse amatha kutulutsa distillation, kukulitsa kuchira kwa zosungunulira.Izi zimachepetsa kugula zosungunulira ndi kutaya zinyalala.Njirayi yokha imatalikitsa moyo wa zosungunulira;kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira kumachepa pamene kutentha kwa ntchito kumachepa.
Makinawa ndi oyenera kuthandizidwa pambuyo pochiza monga passivation ndi acid solution kapena kutsekereza ndi hydrogen peroxide kapena mankhwala ena ngati angafunikire.Ntchito yapamtunda ya ndondomeko ya VCN imapangitsa kuti mankhwalawa akhale ofulumira komanso okwera mtengo, ndipo amatha kuphatikizidwa muzojambula zomwezo.
Mpaka pano, makina a VCN akhala akukonza mapaipi ang'onoang'ono ngati 0,25 mm m'mimba mwake ndi mapaipi okhala ndi makulidwe a khoma mpaka 1000: 1 m'munda.M'maphunziro a ma laboratory, VCN inali yothandiza kuchotsa ma coils oipitsa mkati mpaka mamita 1 kutalika ndi 0.08 mm m'mimba mwake;m'kuchita, adatha kuyeretsa m'mabowo mpaka 0,15 mm m'mimba mwake.
Dr. Donald Gray is President of Vacuum Processing Systems and JP Schuttert oversees sales, PO Box 822, East Greenwich, RI 02818, 401-397-8578, contact@vacuumprocessingsystems.com.
Dr. Donald Gray is President of Vacuum Processing Systems and JP Schuttert oversees sales, PO Box 822, East Greenwich, RI 02818, 401-397-8578, contact@vacuumprocessingsystems.com.
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