Katchulidwe ka mawu: stēl Ntchito: dzina Etymology: Middle English stele, from Old English, stEle;zofanana ndi Old High German stahalsteel, mwinamwake zofanana ndi Sanskrit stakati, zomwe iye anakana.
Tizigawo tating'ono ta miyala yamchere (flux) ndi chitsulo ndizovuta kukonza ndi kunyamula chifukwa cha fumbi ndi kuwonongeka.Choncho, zinthu za ufa nthawi zambiri zimasinthidwa kukhala zidutswa zazikulu.Makhalidwe a zopangira amatsimikizira ukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito muzomera.
Ma pellets ophikidwawo amamangiriridwa pamodzi kukhala zidutswa pafupifupi inchi imodzi kukula kwake.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fumbi lachitsulo lomwe limatengedwa kuchokera kung'anjo zamoto.
Zidutswa zing'onozing'ono zimapangidwa ndi kukanikiza zinthu pamodzi.Iron Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI) ndi chitsulo chokhazikika chomwe chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa zitsulo zotayira m'ng'anjo zamagetsi.
Kusintha kwa zinthu zazitsulo zina ndi ma aloyi, monga chitsulo, zomwe zimachitika pamalo ozungulira kapena okwera pang'ono pambuyo pochiritsa kutentha kapena kuzizira kogwira ntchito.Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi izi: kuuma, mphamvu zokolola, kulimba kwamphamvu, ductility, toughness, formability, maginito katundu, etc.
AISI imagwira ntchito ngati liwu lamakampani azitsulo aku US pazachikhalidwe cha anthu ndikulimbikitsa zitsulo ngati zinthu zomwe zimasankhidwa pamsika.AISI imathandizanso pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zatsopano ndi matekinoloje opangira zitsulo.AISI imapangidwa ndi zitsulo zambiri ndi opanga ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi, komanso mamembala ogwirizana omwe ndi ogulitsa kapena makasitomala amakampani azitsulo.
Chitsulo chilichonse chomwe chimawonjezeredwa pakusungunula chitsulo kapena aluminiyamu kuti chiteteze ku dzimbiri, kulimba, kapena mphamvu.Zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati alloying muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimaphatikizapo chromium, nickel ndi molybdenum.
Zosakaniza zochokera ku chitsulo zimatengedwa ngati zitsulo za alloy ngati manganese amaposa 1.65%, silicon imaposa 0.5%, mkuwa umaposa 0.6%, kapena zinthu zina zochepa zowonjezera zilipo, monga chromium, nickel, molybdenum kapena tungsten.Mwa kulowetsa zinthu izi mu Chinsinsi, zinthu zambiri zachitsulo zimatha kupangidwa.
Chitsulocho chimadetsedwa ndi aluminiyamu, cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wa okosijeni kuti panthawi yolimba pasakhale chochita pakati pa carbon ndi oxygen.
Chithandizo cha kutentha kapena njira yochizira kutentha yomwe imapangitsa kuti makola opiringidwa asanazizira akhale oyenera kupanga ndi kupindika.Chitsulo chachitsulo chimatenthedwa ndi kutentha kokonzedweratu kwa nthawi yokwanira ndikukhazikika.
Pakuzizira kozizira, zomangira pakati pa njere zachitsulo zimatambasulidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitsulocho chiwonongeke komanso chiwonongeke.Annealing amalola kupanga zomangira zatsopano pa kutentha kwakukulu, potero "kukonzanso" kapangidwe kambewu kachitsulo.
Kufuna kwachitsulo kumawerengeredwa kutengera zitsulo zotumizidwa ndi AISI kuphatikiza zotuluka kunja zomwe zanenedwa ndi Census Bureau kuchotsera kunja zomwe zanenedwa ndi Census Bureau.Maperesenti a msika wapakhomo amachokera pa chiwerengerochi ndipo samaganizira kusintha kulikonse kwa katundu.
Mpweya wa carbon mu chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri uyenera kukhala wotsika kuposa wa carbon kapena low alloy steel (ndiko kuti, chitsulo chokhala ndi zinthu zosakwana 5%).Ngakhale ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi (EAF) ndiyo njira yachikhalidwe yosungunula ndi kuyenga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, AAF ndiyowonjezera pazachuma chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali komanso kutentha kochepa kuposa kupanga zitsulo za EAF.Kuphatikiza apo, kuyenga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pogwiritsa ntchito AOD kumawonjezera kupezeka kwa EAF posungunula.
Chitsulo chosungunula chosayengedwa chimasamutsidwa kuchokera ku EAF kupita ku chotengera china.Kusakaniza kwa argon ndi okosijeni kumawombera muzitsulo zosungunuka kuchokera pansi pa chombocho.Pamodzi ndi mpweya umenewu, zotsukira zimawonjezeredwa m'chombocho kuti zichotse zonyansa, ndipo mpweya umaphatikizana ndi carbon muzitsulo zosasunthika kuti zichepetse mpweya wa carbon.Kukhalapo kwa argon kumawonjezera kuyanjana kwa mpweya kwa mpweya, potero kumathandizira kuchotsa mpweya.
Makampani ambiri amgwirizano sangachepetse kubwereka ndalama kuti achepetse ndalama, chifukwa chake oyang'anira ayenera kudalira kuchotsedwa ntchito kuti akwaniritse ntchito zomwe sizingakwaniritsidwe.Pamene avareji ya zaka za ogwira ntchito m’mafakitale ophatikizika akuyenera kupitirira zaka 50, kuchuluka kwa anthu opuma pantchito kungapangitse makampaniwa kukhala osinthasintha kuti azitha kupikisana nawo.
Gulu lalikulu kwambiri lazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 70% yazopanga zonse.Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nickel komanso kuchuluka kwa chromium, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic zimakhala ndi mphamvu zolimbana ndi dzimbiri pagulu lazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za Austenitic zimawumitsidwa ndikuwumitsidwa ndi kuzizira (pogwiritsa ntchito kupsinjika pazitentha zotsika kuti zisinthe mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe achitsulo) osati ndi chithandizo cha kutentha.Ductility (kuthekera kosintha mawonekedwe osasweka) ndikwabwino pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic.Kugulitsa kwabwino kwambiri komanso kuchita bwino kwambiri pakutentha kotsika kwambiri ndizowonjezera za kalasi iyi.
Mapulogalamuwa akuphatikiza zophikira, zida zopangira chakudya, nyumba zakunja, zida zamakampani opanga mankhwala, ma trailer amagalimoto ndi masinki akukhitchini.
Mitundu iwiri yodziwika bwino ndi mtundu wa 304 (chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chomwe chimapereka kukana kwa dzimbiri pansi pamikhalidwe yambiri) ndi mtundu wa 316 (wofanana ndi 304, wokhala ndi molybdenum wowonjezeredwa kuti apititse patsogolo kukana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana).
Chipangizo chomwe chimakanikizira chitsulo chopanda kanthu pakhomo kapena pachitseko cha mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito sitampu yamphamvu (nkhungu).Chitsulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito chiyenera kukhala chokwanira (chomangirira) kuti chizitha kupindika popanda kusweka.
Pogwiritsa ntchito ma hydraulic rolling force systems, opanga zitsulo amatha kulamulira molondola kukula (manenedwe) a mapepala achitsulo pamene akudutsa mphero zozizira zozizira kwambiri pa liwiro la makilomita 50 pa ola limodzi.Pogwiritsa ntchito njira kapena njira yoperekera chakudya, chojambulira chapakompyuta chimasintha mtunda pakati pa mipukutu ya kalendala ya mphero pamlingo wa 50-60 pa sekondi iliyonse.Zosintha izi zimalepheretsa zoyikapo zakunja kuti zisamangidwe.
Chida chowongolera kuwononga mpweya chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukokera tinthu ting'onoting'ono posefa mpweya wotuluka kudzera munsalu yayikulu kapena chikwama cha fiberglass.
Cold adagulung'undisa zitsulo wofatsa mapanelo galimoto galimoto.Chifukwa cha chithandizo chapadera, chitsulo chimakhala ndi malo abwino olowera ndi mphamvu, ndipo chimakhala ndi kukana kowonjezereka kwa mano pambuyo powombera.
Ng'anjo yooneka ngati peyala yomangidwa ndi njerwa zomangira imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chitsulo chosungunula ndi chitsulo chosungunula kuchokera kung'anjo zophulika kukhala chitsulo.Kufikira 30% yazinthu zomwe zimadyetsedwa mu chosinthira zimatha kukhala zinyalala, zina zonse kukhala chitsulo chosungunuka.
Otembenuza ng'anjo, omwe amatha kusungunula (mtanda) wachitsulo pasanathe mphindi 45, m'malo mwa ng'anjo zotseguka m'ma 1950, zomaliza zimafuna maola asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi kuti akonze zitsulo.Kugwira ntchito mwachangu, kutsika mtengo, komanso kuphweka kwa BOF kumapereka maubwino owoneka bwino kuposa njira zam'mbuyomu.
Zotsalira zimatsanuliridwa mu ng'anjo, ndikutsatiridwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka kuchokera ku ng'anjo yophulika.Mkondo umatsitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba, momwe mpweya wa okosijeni umawomberedwa pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu, kuchititsa mankhwala omwe amalekanitsa zonyansazo kukhala utsi kapena slag.Pambuyo poyenga, zitsulo zosungunuka ndi slag zimatsanulidwa muzotengera zosiyana.
Zogulitsa zazitali zomwe zidasokonekera.Rebar yamalonda ndi rebar (rebar) ndi magulu awiri odziwika bwino a rebar pomwe malo ogulitsa malonda amaphatikiza zozungulira, zosalala, ngodya, masikweya ndi ma tchanelo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mipando, njanji zamasitepe ndi zida zaulimi.amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa konkire m'misewu, milatho ndi nyumba.
Chitsulo chomaliza chopangidwa ndi zinthu "zazitali": mipiringidzo, ma tchanelo kapena mitundu ina yomanga.Billets amasiyana ndi slabs mu miyeso yawo yakunja;mabalawa nthawi zambiri amakhala mainchesi 2 mpaka 7, ndipo ma slabs ndi mainchesi 30 mpaka 80 m'lifupi ndi mainchesi 2 mpaka 10.Nthawi zambiri nkhungu zimaponyedwa mosalekeza, koma chemistry yawo imatha kusiyana kwambiri.
Zitsulo zoziziritsa kuzizira kuyambira 12" mpaka 32" zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko (zopangira) zomangira mbewu.
Silinda yayikulu yokhala ndi njerwa zomangira (zokana) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zitsulo zosungunulira chitsulo kuchokera ku chitsulo.Zimatengera dzina lake kuchokera ku "mafunde owopsa" a mpweya wotentha ndi mpweya womwe umakakamizidwa kudzera muzitsulo zachitsulo, coke ndi miyala yamchere yomwe imayikidwa mu uvuni.
Njira zoyamba zokonzekera mzere wosalala wa ogwiritsa ntchito.Chopanda kanthu ndi pepala lazinthu lomwe lili ndi miyeso yakunja yofanana ndi gawo loperekedwa, monga chitseko kapena hood, koma sichinadindidwepo.Opanga zitsulo angapereke makasitomala awo opanda kanthu kuti achepetse ntchito ndi mayendedwe;zitsulo zowonjezera zimatha kudulidwa musanatumize.
Chitsulo chomaliza chopangidwa ndi gawo lamakona anayi mainchesi 8.Chigawo chachikulu chachitsulo ichi chimathyoledwa mu mphero kuti apange matabwa odziwika bwino a H, matabwa a H ndi milu ya mapepala.Maluwa ndi gawo la njira yopangira mipiringidzo yapamwamba kwambiri: kuchepetsa gawo lachimake kumapangitsa kuti zitsulo zikhale bwino.
Ngozi yochitika chifukwa cha kuchulukirachulukira kwachitsulo chosungunuka kapena slag (kapena zonse ziwiri) kuchokera mung'anjo yophulika chifukwa chakulephera kwa khoma la ng'anjo yophulika.
"Munda wakale" umasiyana ndi "munda wobiriwira" (kapena zinthu zatsopano).Kukulitsa zinthu zamoyo kumatanthauza kuwonjezera zinthu zomwe zilipo kale.
Zitunda zabwino kwambiri m'mphepete mwa mizere chifukwa cha kudula, kudula, kumeta ubweya kapena kubisa.Mwachitsanzo, wopanga zitsulo akamadula mbali za pepala lofanana kapena kulidula, m'mphepete mwake mumapindika molunjika (onani Edge-rolling).
Zakale zomwe zimakhala ndi ma tapi ndi masitampu pakupanga zitsulo.Mawuwa amachokera mchitidwe wotolera zinthu m’mabasiketi a mbiya pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.
Chitoliro chokhazikika chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito paipi.Nyama yotenthayo imadutsa mosalekeza pazitsulo zowotcherera, kupanga chubu ndi kukanikiza m'mbali zotentha wina ndi mzake, kupanga weld wamphamvu.
Radian ndiye kupatuka kuchokera pakuwongoka kwa m'mphepete.Kulekerera kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwapatuka kumbali iyi kuchokera pamzere wowongoka kumatanthauzidwa muyeso ya ASTM.
Yachibadwa luso kupanga zitsulo mu nthawi anapatsidwa.Chiyerekezochi chiyenera kuphatikizapo zofunikira zokonzekera, koma chifukwa chakuti mautumikiwa amakonzedwa malinga ndi zosowa zamakina (m'malo molingana ndi zomwe kalendala imafunikira), chomera chimatha kuyenda mopitilira 100% kwa mwezi umodzi ndikutsika kwambiri.mogwirizana ndi kukonza Anaika mphamvu ikuchitika.
Mphamvu yongoyerekeza ya mphero kapena smelter, malinga ndi zoletsa zoperekera chakudya komanso kuthamanga kwanthawi zonse.
Ma voliyumu ogwiritsidwa ntchito bwino amalola kukonza zida ndikuwonetsa zovuta zomwe zilipo.(Mabotolo omwe amapezeka ndi kugawa amasintha pakapita nthawi mphamvu ikuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa.)
Chitsulo chomwe chimakhala ndi elemental kaboni ndipo kapangidwe kake kamadalira kaboni.Chitsulo chochuluka chomwe chimapangidwa padziko lapansi ndi carbon steel.
Chingwe chosungiramo, chomwe ndi nangula wamakoma a zitsime zamafuta ndi gasi, ndi 75% ya zomwe zimatumizidwa kumayiko amafuta (kulemera kwake).Chitoliro chosungirako chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi apansi ozungulira ndi chitsime chokha.Chosungiracho chimasungidwa kwa moyo wonse wa chitsime ndipo nthawi zambiri sichimachotsedwa chitsime chitsekeredwa.
Njira yothira chitsulo chosungunuka mu nkhungu kuti chitsulo chokhazikika chokhazikika chikhalebe ndi mawonekedwe a nkhungu.
Njira yopangira chitsulo chosungunula mwachindunji ku mawonekedwe ake omaliza ndi makulidwe popanda kugudubuza kowonjezera kotentha kapena kozizira.Izi zimachepetsa ndalama, mphamvu ndi chilengedwe.
Ntchito yokweza zinthu muzotengera.Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo, coke ndi miyala ya laimu amalowetsedwa m'ng'anjo zamoto, ndipo zinyalala ndi chitsulo chosungunuka zimalowetsedwa m'ng'anjo za okosijeni.
The mankhwala zikuchokera zitsulo, kufotokoza zili carbon, manganese, sulfure, phosphorous ndi zinthu zina zambiri.
Chigawo cha alloying, chomwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimapereka kukana kwa dzimbiri.Ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chiwonongeka ndi makina kapena mankhwala, pamaso pa okosijeni, filimu yomwe mwachibadwa imapanga pamwamba pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri imakonzedwa, kuteteza kuwonongeka.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zokutira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ku carbon kapena low alloy steel (ndiko kuti, chitsulo chokhala ndi zinthu zosakwana 5%).
1) kuwotcherera zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo cha carbon;2) kuthira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kuzungulira mpweya wolimba wopanda kanthu mu nkhungu;kapena 3) kuika mbale ya carbon steel pakati pa mbale ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri ndi kuzigudubuza pa kutentha kwakukulu mu mphero.Gwirizanitsani pamodzi..
The ndondomeko ❖ kuyanika zitsulo ndi zinthu zina (tin, chromium ndi nthaka), makamaka kuteteza dzimbiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-11-2023